256 34. CLADONIACEAE [132. Cladonia 



var. pungens (Ach.) Vainio, Act. Soc. Faun. Flor. Fenn. 4:361, 362. 1887. 

 Lichen pungens Ach., Lich. Suec. Prod. 202. 1798. Cl.furcata var. pungens 



(Ach.) E. Fries. 

 Podetia slender, the axils sometimes perforate or shortly fissured, the lower 

 part of the cortex subcontinuous, destitute of squamules, occasionally whitish. 

 On soil, New England, Florida, Alabama, and Minnesota. 



27. Cladonia santensis Tuck., Am. Journ. Sci. 25:427. 1858. 



Primary thallus commonly persistent, composed of thickened, short to elon- 

 gated, laciniate and crenate, ascending, crowded to clumped, granulose, greenish 

 gray to whitish squamules; white below; podetia arising from the primary thallus, 

 fragile, subcylindrical with tips dilated and swollen but cupless, rarely branched, 

 the apices perforated, the cortex becoming more or less granulose, colored like 

 the primary thallus; apothecia small, 0.3-0.7 mm. across, clustered and heaped on 

 the apices of podetia and branches, the disk convex, brown or reddish brown. 



On soil, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, and Texas. 



28. Cladonia exasperatula Merrill, Bryologist 2 7:22. 1924. 



Primary thallus persistent, composed of small, becoming elongated, crenate 

 or often digitately lobed, usually ascending, grayish white squamules; white below; 

 podetia arising from the primary squamules, rather short, 0.5-2 cm. long, erect, 

 slender, cylindrical and cupless, or enlarged at the tips to form cups, the cortex 

 strongly verrucose, verrucae often elongated into coralloid squamules; cups 

 narrow, perforate, often gaping, proliferate, the tips of the proliferations sterile, 

 black, or with apothecia; apothecia small, 0.5mm. across or smaller, round to 

 irregular, usually clustered, the disk convex, pale brown to dark brown. 



On old wood, Sanford, Florida. 



29. Cladonia floridana Vainio, in Sandst, Clad. Exsicc. no. 1196. 1925. CI. 



daytoniana Merrill. 



Primary thallus composed of abundant and persistent, small to middle-sized, 

 long, slender, and cylindrical, deeply and usually crenately lobed, commonly 

 ascending, flat or inward-rolled, greenish gray squamules; white below; podetia 

 arising from squamules of the primary thallus, of medium length, rather slender, 

 erect, much branched above and often sparingly so below, without squamules or 

 squamulose below, the cortex continuous and smooth to smoothly and obscurely 

 areolate, the areoles finally more or less scattered, the axils sometimes perforate, 

 the tips rarely and obscurely spinous, but commonly obtuse and fruit-bearing, 

 cupless, but the perforate fruit-bearing tips rarely simulating cups, colored like 

 the primary thallus; apothecia small, 0.3-0.7 mm. across, solitary or clustered 

 on the ends of branches, the disk convex to strongly convex, brown. 



On palmetto roots, near Sanford, Florida. 



30. Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flot., in Wendt., Therm. Warmbr. 96. 1839. 

 Baeomyces turbinatus var. crispata Ach., Meth. Lich. 341. 1803. Cl.furcata 



var. crispata (Ach.) Floerke. CI. crispata var. infundibulijera (Schaer.) 



Vainio. CI. crispata var. virgata (Ach.) Vainio. 

 Primary thallus composed of middle-sized, digitate-laciniate or crenate, as- 

 cending, flat or inward-rolled, scattered or rarely clustered squamules, forming a 

 compact, greenish gray or olive-brown, persistent or dying crust; white below 

 or turning brownish or reddish toward the base; podetia arising from the primary 

 thallus, often dying at the base, subcylindrical or irregularly turgescent, radially 

 or sympodially branched, the branches suberect to spreading, solitary or clustered, 

 forming clumps, erect, the cortex subcontinuous or dispersed-areolate, the areoles 

 more or less raised, greenish gray or variously whitish, reddish or brownish green; 

 cups small, abruptly dilated, borne at the apices of the branches, the margin 

 repeatedly proliferate, sometimes perforate or sievelike; apothecia small to 

 middle-sized, 0.5-0.7 mm. across, subsolitary or clustered at the apices of the 



