124 LICHENS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 



On soil, rock, old wood, or bark: Kittitas Co.: Easton, 2168 ft., 1931, 

 843a. Yakima Co. : American River Camp, 2800 ft., 1931, 951. Klickitat 

 Co. : Bickleton, 3200 ft., 1931, 1638. Chelan Co. : butte near Chelan, 2000 

 ft., 1931, 1323. Ferry Co. : Sanpoil, 2360 ft., 1940, 3131. Spokane Co. : Mt. 

 Spokane, 5808 ft., 1931, 1501. Clallam Co.: Lake Crescent, Storm King 

 Mountain, 3500 ft., 1935, A. H. Smith 2236 (F). 



A common soil and rock lichen east of the Cascades ; it is easily recog- 

 nized by the bright yellow color of its small crowded squamules. 



23. PARMELIACEAE 



Thallus foliose, rarely subfruticose or fruticose, dorsi-ventral, ascend- 

 ing, differentiated into a typical or a loose and poorly developed plectenchy- 

 matous upper cortex, a typical plectenchymatous lower cortex, algal, and 

 medullary layers, attached to the substratum by rhizoids, or rhizoids 

 entirely lacking. Apothecia circular, scattered, marginal or terminal, sessile 

 or subpedicellate ; proper margin absent, thalline margin well developed and 

 prominent; asci 2-8-spored, rarely 16-many-spored; spores hyaline, non- 

 septate, or rarely becoming 1 -septate. Spermatia are borne laterally (endo- 

 basidial) or rarely terminally (exobasidial) . 



Alga Protococcus. 



A. Upper cortex typically plectenchymatous, spermatia lateral. 

 B. Thallus more or less erect ; apothecia marginal or terminal. 



C. Apothecia originating on the lower surface, but by the turning of 

 the lobes they appear to grow on the upper surface. 



56. Nephromopsis 



C. Apothecia originate on the upper surface 55. Cetraria 



B. Thallus usually flat or depressed ; apothecia scattered on the upper 



surface. 



D. Asci multisporous 52. Candelaria 



D. Asci rarely more than 8-spored 54. Parmelia 



A. Upper cortex loosely and irregularly plectenchymatous, spermatia 



terminal 53. Parmeliopsis 



52. Candelaria Mass. in Flora. 35 :567. 1852. 



Thallus foliose, small, often very small, laciniately divided, differentiated 

 into typical upper and lower plectenchymatous cortices, thin algal and 

 medullary layers, attached to substratum by short rhizoids ; no color change 

 with KOH. Apothecia small, scattered, sessile ; thalline margin prominent ; 

 hypothecium hyaline, to pale brown ; paraphyses rarely branched ; asci 16- 

 or more-spored ; spores hyaline, nonseptate, or rarely becoming 1 -septate, 

 spermatia lateral. This genus resembles Caloplaca, but the lack of color 

 change of the thallus with KOH readily separates it from Caloplaca. 



1. Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Arn. Flora 62:364. 1897. 



Lichen concolor Dicks. Fasc. PL, Crypt. Brit. 3:18, tab. 9. 1793. 

 Teloschistes concolor (Dicks.) Tuck. Syn. N.Am. Lich. 1 :51. 1882. 



