SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS 



In the preceding chapters the principles and methods of technique 

 have been described in a general way. It is difficult, especially for a 

 beginner, to apply general principles to specific cases, and, besides, 

 the material which he might select for the preparations might not 

 yield the most valuable collection. We have tried to select types in- 

 volving all kinds of botanical microtechnique and which, at the same 

 time, illustrate fundamentals upon which the theories of evolution, 

 phylogeny, genetics, and physiology are based. An ambitious student, 

 by making preparations, studying them, and reading about them, can 

 become well grounded in comparative morphology without attending 

 any classes. Hofmeister, the father of morphology, got his botanical 

 training in this way while clerking in a store. We shall not discuss 

 morphology, but shall try to answer, by means of sketches and specific 

 directions, the multitudinous questions which confront the instructor 

 in the laboratory. For those who have had a thorough training in 

 general morphology the following suggestions will be in some degree 

 superfluous ; but we are asked so often to recommend books which will 

 help the student to interpret the preparations which he has made 

 that a few references may save the student the trouble of asking for 

 this kind of advice. Nearly all of the books are in English. 



Algae. — 



Oltmanns, F., Morphologie und Biologic der Algen. Jena : Gustav Fischer, 



1927. 

 West, G. S., and Fritsch, F. E., British fresh water algae. Cambridge 



University Press. 1927. 

 Yamanouchi, Shigeo, Morphology and cytology of the algae. University 



of Chicago Press (to be published in 1932). 

 Smith, Gilbert M., Algae (to be published in 1932). 



Fvingi. — 



Gwynne-Vaughan, H. C. L., and Barnes, B., The structure and de- 

 velopment of the fungi. Cambridge University Press. 1927. 

 Gaumann, E. a. (trans, by W. D. Dodge), Comparative morphology of 



fungi. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1928. 

 Stevens, Frank L., The fungi which cause plant disease. Macmillan, 

 1919. 



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