HISTORY OF MYCOLOGY 11 



lished, after a delay of ten years, in 1729. His biographer Targioni- 

 Tozzetti (1858), reports that the second part was completed but never 

 published for lack of means. There is no doubt that Micheli knew his 

 fungi far better than any of his forerunners or contemporaries. He gave 

 usable keys by which genera could be identified and, for the larger genera, 

 keys to the species. Many of his figures and descriptions were so excellent 

 that there is no difficulty now in identifying them. He distinguished Fungi 

 lamellati (Agaricaceae), Fungi porosi (Polyporaceae and Boletaceae), 

 Fungi pulverentes (Lycoperdaceae and some others), Fungi Ramosi (the 

 branching Clavariaceae), etc. Among the generic names used by him and 

 still recognized are Phallus, Clavaria, Clathrus, Lycoperdon, Geaster, and 

 Tuber. He used Agaricum as did his forerunners for laterally attached 

 Fomes, Trametes, Fistulina, and Stereum. Polyporus was confined to the 

 stipitate polypores; Suillus to the present Boletus and its allies; Erinaceus 

 to the stipitate Hydnaceae; Fungus to the stipitate Agaricaceae. Boletus 

 as used by him is now known as Morchella; his Puccinia is now called 

 Gymno sporangium. Coralloides was equivalent to the branched species of 

 Clavaria, etc. In addition to collecting and studying the larger fungi, 

 Micheli was perhaps the first botanist to attempt cultures of molds. He 

 sowed spores of "il/wcor" (evidently Rhizopus nigricans Ehr.) on one side 

 of pieces of squash and ^^ Aspergillus^^ on the other. Each produced its 

 own kind of fungus. He inoculated two pieces of squash with " Botrytis," 

 covering one with a bell jar and leaving the other exposed. The covered 

 piece developed only Botrytis while the uncovered piece developed Mucor 

 as well, thus showing, as Micheli pointed out, that the spores of these 

 various molds were distributed through the air. 



Linnaeus (Carl von Linne, 1707-1778), who is often called the "Father 

 of Botany," advanced the knowledge of fungi little if at all. In his great 

 work "Species Plantarum" (1753) he attempted to bring together de- 

 scriptions of all of the known species of plants. His adoption of the two- 

 word form of name for species (which we call generic and specific epithets) 

 marked a very great advance in convenience and simplicity. In his 

 twenty-fourth class, "Cryptogamia," the fungi are to be found chiefly 

 under the heading Cryptogamia Fungi but a few are located among the 

 Cryptogamia Algae. His treatment of the fungi, which he mostly knew 

 only from the study of botanical literature, and only superficially at first 

 hand, is far less scientific than that of Micheli or of Dillenius. The lichens 

 were included in the genus Lichen, among the algae, as was the genus 

 Tremella. This genus includes the alga Nostoc as well as the rust Gymno- 

 sporangium, the Basidiomycete Auricularia, several lichens, and probably 

 one or more species now included in Tremella. All of the Agaricaceae, as 

 we know the family, were included in the genus Agaricus and all the pore 

 fungi in the genus Boletus, differing from Micheli and his predecessors. 



