ORDEB SACCHAROMYCETALES 347 



myces except for the failure to produce asci. The cells are mostly short or 

 long ellipsoidal, propagated by budding and never producing true hyphae. 

 The genus is divided into two subgenera : the species of the first cause the 

 fermentation of various sugars and are almost without exception non- 

 pathogenic to animals, the species of the second subgenus produce no 

 fermentation in sugars although they may oxidize them as a source of 

 energy. A number of these are capable of parasitic life in animals. The 

 genus Pityrosporum contains a few species that grow in the skin of Man or 

 other animals, causing scaliness and falling of hairs (pityriasis capitis). 

 Besides the short, oval, budding cells there occur some cells that are 

 flask-shaped, with a larger basal portion and a smaller rounded apical 

 portion. The genus Mycoderma of Persoon as amended by Lederle (see 

 Lodder, 1934) is much like Torulopsis but under some conditions the 

 budding cells remain attached to form a short branching pseudohypha. 

 The species grow in wine, beer, etc., forming a surface film. They feed 

 upon the sugars and alcohols but produce no true fermentation. The genus 

 Kloeckera resembles Torulopsis but the cells are in part apiculate, resem- 

 bling a lemon. Some of the species cause fermentation of various sugars. 

 In the Mycotoruloideae (established under the name Mycotoruleae 

 by Ciferri and Redaelli in 1929) the cells form definite septate or non- 

 septate hyphae or pseudohyphae from which sprout crowns or tree-like 

 growths of buds. All the species bud freely and in certain media do not 

 produce mycelium. Many are pathogenic for animals. In medical litera- 

 ture a great many are reported under the generic name Monilia. This 

 name is usually reserved by mycologists for saprophytes or parasites on 

 plant tissues for many of which the perfect stage is known to belong to 

 the Discomycetous family Sclerotiniaceae. Blastodendrion produces pseu- 

 domycelia from the cells of which sprout crown-like or branching clusters 

 of ellipsoidal cells. A number of species growing more or less pathogen- 

 ically occur in Man in the alimentary canal or on moist skin, nails, etc. 

 Candida (synonyms: Monilia, Geotrichoides, etc.) produces regularly 

 septate hyphae at whose apices chains of yeast-like cells may be produced 

 as well as single such cells or clusters at the joints of the hypha. Many 

 species are pathogenic. The species reported as C. albicans (Robin) 

 Berkh. is found as a cause of the disease of the mouth known as "thrush." 

 It is placed by C. W. Dodge (1935) in a closely related genus Syringospora. 

 This fungus is often confused with Endomycopsis albicans (Vuill.) Dekker 

 which occurs in cases of thrush and is similar to the foregoing in many 

 respects, but produces asci and ascospores. The classification by C. W. 

 Dodge (1935) of the sporogenous and asporogenous yeasts and nearly 

 related filamentous fungi that are pathogenic to animals is very different 

 from that given above which is based mainly upon Ciferri and Redaelli 

 (1929) and Dekker (1931) and Lodder (1934). This monumental work of 



