ORDER USTILAGINALES (tHE SMUTs) 421 



the teliospores arise as outgrowths of these structures. Stempell (1935) ob- 

 tained cultures of Entyloma on agar media from conidia on infected leaves. 

 The mycelia were of two types, monocaryon and dicaryon, but clamp 

 connections were produced only on the latter. He reported that sickle- 

 shaped, uninucleate conidia were formed on the first type of mycelium 

 and lunate, binucleate conidia on the dicaryon type. Both types of conidia 

 are discharged violently with the formation of a droplet of liquid at the 

 apex of the sterigma, just as occurs in the discharge of the sporidia from 

 the promycelium. Hanna (1938) found that in several species of Entyloma 

 two types of conidia were produced, sickle-shaped, uninucleate conidia 

 which are discharged violently and slender filiform or needle-shaped 

 conidia which are not shot off. In the species studied by Hanna the sickle- 

 shaped spores were always uninucleate and lunate binucleate spores were 

 not observed. The 100 or more species are found on Grasses (Poaceae), 

 Ranunculaceae and other families, but particularly on the Asteraceae. 

 Urocystis (about 60 species) produces its teliospores in balls of from two 

 (rarely one) to four or five, the ball being partly or completely surrounded 

 by a layer of small sterile cells. The mass of spore-balls is powdery and 

 they escape upon rupture of the host tissue. U. occulta (Wallr.) Rab. 

 causes longitudinal, lead-colored, slightly raised sori on the stems and 

 leaf sheaths of rye {Secale cereale L.), the head being killed by the presence 

 of the fungus in the stalk below, it being rarely entered by the fungus. 

 The very similar U. tritici Korn, parasitic on wheat {Triticum aestivum 

 L.) has been shown by Yu and his associates (1936) to occur in several 

 physiologic races in China. U. violae (Sow.) Fisch. de Waldh. and U . 

 anemones (Pers.) Wint. form their sori in the leaves, respectively, of Viola 

 and of various species of the Ranunculaceae. In Tuhurcinia all the cells of 

 the spore ball are fertile spores. It must be noted that Liro (1922) and 

 others combine the genera Tuburcinia and Urocystis under the former 

 name which is the earlier. About 20 species of Doassansia produce their 

 sori in the leaves of various Alismataceae and related aquatic plants. The 

 large spore balls have very numerous teliospores and an external layer of 

 hyaline sterile cells. Doassansiopsis, also on Alismataceae, produces large 

 spore balls made up of a central core of hyaline pseudoparenchymatous 

 cells surrounded by a single layer of larger dark teliospores, these in their 

 turn being surrounded by a filamentous sheath. (Fig. 142C-G.) 



As in the preceding family, the teliospores in the Tilletiaceae may live 

 a long while. Fischer (1936) obtained germination from specimens pre- 

 served in the herbarium for 10 years in the case of Entyloma dahliae Syd. 

 and for 25 years for Tilletia foetida (Wallr.) Liro. 



Family Graphiolaceae. Parasitic in the leaves of palms. Sori formed 

 under the epidermis and immediately underlying tissues and tearing these 

 so as to permit the emergence of the spores. They consist of a thick, cup- 



