ORDER LYCOPERDALES 



557 



Fig. 187. Lycoperdales, Family Tulostomataceae. (A, B) Calostoma cinnabarinurn 

 Desv. (A) Spore fruit from which most of the volva has disappeared, through dehques- 

 cence. (B) Several basidia showing the sessile spores on all sides. (C, D) Battarrea 

 phalloides (Dicks.) Pers.; two specimens which grew in different environments. 

 (A-B, courtesy, Burnap: Botan. Gaz., 23(3):180-192, Univ. Chicago Press. C-D, 

 courtesy, Rea: Mycologia, 34(5):563-574.) 



is mostly subterranean. The basidia have 5 to 12 sessile spores borne on 

 the apex and along the sides, in which they give some suggestion of their 

 relationship to Tulostoma. The capillitium is sometimes marked with an- 

 nular or spiral thickenings, resembling the elaters of some fungi. In the 

 author's opinion Calostoma probably belongs in the Tulostomataceae. In 

 this he follows Burnap (1897). (Fig. 187 A-B.) 



Battarrea has a stout scaly stalk that may reach over 30 cm. in height 

 and with a large volva at its base. (Fig. 187 C-D.) The endoperidium of B. 

 phalloides (Dicks.) Pers. splits circumscissilely, rolling upwards a httle at 

 a time as the spores and capilUtium escape and in B. digueti Pat. & Har. is 

 perforated by many pores. The gleba in this genus contains typical hy- 

 menial cavities. It is found in the sandy or gravelly soil of the foothill 

 regions of the southwestern United States and in Europe, South America, 

 Austraha, etc. Rea (1942) recognizes two species in the United States with 

 one or the other of which perhaps all the other described species are syn- 

 onymous. There is some capillitium, evidently the remains of the tramal 

 tissues. In addition there are numerous elaters with annular or spiral 

 thickenings, reminding one of those of the Trichiaceae among the Myce- 

 tozoa or in the Hepaticae. In the younger, not fully developed specimens 

 single cells or several in succession in a hypha enlarge and become "lati- 

 ciferous." These do not become transformed into capillitial hyphae as in 

 Phellorinia. Clamp connections are numerous throughout the spore fruit. 



