Kelley — 22 — Mycotrophy 



infection for L. annotinum, the mycelium being both inter- and intra- 

 cellular. Next, GoEBEL (1887) told how that in L. inmindatum the 

 lower non-meristematic part of the prothallium is always inhabited by 

 a fungus. Janse followed with reports on 8 Javan species, several 

 being reported for the first time. Holloway (1920) has added much 

 to our knowledge of Australasian species, hence Europe and the 

 Austral region have been partly covered but America has offered but 

 two papers on lycopodiaceous fungal symbionts, — by Spessard (1922) 

 and by Stokey and Starr (1924). Americans have produced six 

 papers on mycorrhizae of ferns, two on Lycopods, and none on the 

 hepatics. 



Sixteen species of Lycopodiiim are reported mycorrhizal in the 

 sporophyte while as to the gametophyte, the long-sought gametophytes 

 of Lycopodiiim, discovered by Fankhauser in 1873 at Emmenthal, 

 have likewise received attention and found to contain an endophyte. 

 Whether this endophyte is a Pythium or an Ascomycetous fungus as 

 Spessard claims, or of different sorts in different prothallia remains 

 to be determined. The endophyte appears to be a mutualist. 



Selaginella has received slight attention by students of symbiosis. 

 Bruchmann (1897) found 5. spinulosa mycorrhizal in the Alps while 

 6". helvetica was not mycorrhizal. Janse said that Selaginella in Java 

 possesses a fungus in the hairless roots. American species of Selagin- 

 ella have never been reported upon for mycorrhizae. 



The little family of the Psilotaceae which is segregated from the 

 Lycopods and with similarities to the fossil Sphenophyllineae, has 

 attracted a number of investigators most of whom agree that these 

 plants are mycorrhizal; yet Costantin (1925, 1936) maintains it has 

 been found without endophyte, not alone by himself but also by Noel 

 Bernard. Solms-Laubach, Janse and Bernatsky were earlier 

 students of the mycorrhizal condition, the last trying to isolate the 

 fungus ; while Shibata described cytological detail and called attention 

 to phagocytosis occurring in the tissues and the similarity of the 

 process to that occurring in the orchids. All of this work was done 

 on the sporophyte but the gametophyte — a small colourless tuber 

 embedded in humus — is likewise infected. A gametophyte supposed 

 to be that of Psilohnn was described by Lang but a detailed report was 

 given by Darnell-Smith (1917). Sporelings of Psilotum are pene- 

 trated by an endophytic fungus after a comparatively few cell divi- 

 sions and soon almost all of the cells of the prothallium are filled 

 with a skein of hyphae, reports the author. Presence of the fungus 

 does not cause a change in form of cell but the nucleus is frequently 

 obliterated by its mycelium. Infection occurs near the growing point : 

 hyphae are non-septate and two may occur at once in a rhizoid. 



