Kelley — 56 — Mycotrophy 



portant tree, Alntis (Bornebusch, 1914). Certain fungi are always 

 associated with certain trees in Denmark, according to Lange (1923) : 

 thus, Amanita muscaria grows under conifers, also under birch, but 

 never under beech. At Oslo in Norway, Horn (1933) found fairy- 

 rings formed by Heheloma about the bases of ten young trees of 

 Betula lenta, and examination proved the tree roots to be abundantly 

 mycorrhizal. This fungus is generally found in Norway to the limits 

 of birch distribution. Birch, aspen, and conifers are the chief trees 

 of Scandinavia and naturally are most studied by mycorrhizal investi- 

 gators of these countries. The studies of Melin on pine, spruce, 

 larch, aspen, and birch are justly well known; and the ecological 

 studies of Romell involving Swedish trees and their fungi. Lihnell 

 (1939) made an extended study of the mycorrhizae of Juniperus 

 communis; Lindquist (1939) made cultural studies of spruce. 

 Hammarlund (1923) studied the association of Boletus with Larix. 

 An elaborate study of root development in Betula was made by 

 Laitakari (1934) with ecological emphasis on soils, mycorrhizae 

 being most plentifully developed on moorland soils and least on sandy 

 soils. In 1920 Thesleff presented a study of Basidiomycetes of 

 Finland ; and that about completes our knowledge of mycorrhizal 

 distribution in Scandinavian countries. Since beech forest finds its 

 northernmost limit in Sweden, it would form an interesting study to 

 investigate the woodlands of Skane and compare the mycorrhizal 

 structures with those, let us say, of French woodlands. 



Baltic and Russian States: — Of the small Baltic States we 

 know nothing of their mycorrhizae ; but Voss & Ziegenspeck (1929) 

 have made valuable studies of ericads and other native plants of East 

 Prussia, about Konigsberg. They conclude that the xeromorphy of 

 these moorland plants is due to mycotrophy. Arcularius (1928) 

 studied nodules of Hippophae collected from the Baltic region, while 

 Endrigkeit reported on Allium, Molinia and several trees from E. 

 Prussia. One of the earliest students of mycorrhizae in Poland, 

 Bonicke (1910), found that several members each of three families, 

 Ophioglossaceae, Orchidaceae and Pyrolaceae are endotrophically 

 mycorrhizal and that germination stages and cell structures may be 

 used as distinguishing characters. The hepatic Haplomitrium is 

 mycothallic according to Lilienfeld (1911). A number of exotic 

 conifers in Poland are mycorrhizal (Dominik, 1937), and native 

 members of Viola (Zabloca, 1936). 



In Russia, in the Gov. Cherson among dry arid sand vegetation, 

 fungal nodules were found on the herb Tribulus terrestris (Issat- 

 CHENKO, 1913) ; while in the Gov. Ekatinerinoslaw it was thought 



