Lecture V — 57 — Distribution 



that oak seedlings had failed because of destruction of mycorrhizae in 

 a very wet summer (Nadson, 1908). Ganeshin (1923) found my- 

 corrhizal connection between pine and larch, and Boletus luteus and 

 B. elegans. That is all we can say for mycorrhizal plants in the vast 

 extent of the Soviet Union.* 



The Arctic: — Looking northward to the Arctic, one learns that 

 perennial plants which inhabit these frigid areas are likewise mycor- 

 rhizal. In the one paper for the Arctic region, by Hesselman (1900), 

 there are described plants collected on the Swedish Nathorst Expedi- 

 tion, and we learn that Arctic species of Salix are constantly mycor- 

 rhizal while the herbaceous Polygonmn viviparum is thoroughly in- 

 fected in both its bulbils and countless adventive roots. For the 

 Antarctic, Johow (1889) observed that Arachnites from Antarctic 

 South America is the only humus plant known from polar lands. 



The Alps : — Coralloid mycorrhizae were described by Hesselman 

 for Dryas octopetala both in arctic and alpine situations ; and this 

 description was confirmed by Colla (1931) for the Alps at the 

 laboratory of La Linnaea. As early as 1888, Ebermayer had 

 observed roots of spruce, fir and beech only in the humus layer of 

 forests in the Bavarian Alps; while Stahl (1900) noted Populus 

 tremtila as mycorrhizal in alpine as well as in lowland situations, and 

 he included a section of a couple of pages on alpine mycorrhizae. 

 Tubeuf (1903) observed that Pinus Cembra lives with root fungi 

 in alpine humus. In the Vanoise, Costantin & Magrou (1926) 

 found structures like those reported by Hesselman for the Arctic. 

 They say that Salix in Savoy has a structure identical with that in the 

 Arctic; and from several studies they derive the generalization that 

 mycorrhizal symbiosis is found not only in a single species in all 

 stations of its range, but in numerous species of a genus or even 

 genera of a family (as the Ericaceae) disseminated throughout the 

 vast domain of arctic and alpine regions. They conclude that mycor- 

 rhizae play "a great role in alpine flora as well as in the arctic", and 

 they list both ecto- and endotrophic forms. Peyronel (1937) also 

 generalizes about distribution of alpine mycorrhizae, having studied 

 them on the Italian side of the Alps, and at Kleinen St. Bernhard. 

 He regarded endotrophic mycorrhizae as universally distributed in 

 the alpine plant world and believed that members of a plant associa- 

 tion are most closely bound to each other through symbiosis with a 

 common mycorrhizal fungus. Malan (1938) worked with legumes 

 in the Alps and his "results showed that in all the Leguminosae 



♦There is an article on a bolete of Russia, as a mycorrhizal fungus, by 

 Vasiklov. Sovetsk. Bot. 1944(2) :21-27. 1944. 



