Kelley — 58 — Mycotrophy 



studied endotrophic mycorrhiza with hyphae of the Phycomycetoid 

 type . . . predominated", as a Review stated ; or, as the original has 

 it: "In tutte le leguminose studiate prevalgno micorize ectotrofiche 

 con ife de tipo ficomicetoide". Orchids have also been observed in the 

 Alps : Beau ( 1920) found that in a grotto of the Maritime Alps the 

 orchids CephaJanthera and Epipactis alone of green plants penetrated 

 to depths of the grotto, being able to grow in subdued light by the 

 aid of symbiotic fungi. Jennings (1898) studied Corallorhiza in 

 the eastern Alps. 



Central Europe: — In Bohemia, Ncmec wrote of mycothallic 

 hepatics ; Peklo, of various mycorrhizae ; and more latterly Klecka 

 & VuKOLOV (1935), of numerous congeries of trees and shrubs. 

 Detailed investigations of one hundred eleven woody species were 

 made in which mycorrhizae occur as constant phenomena independent 

 of soil properties, and "it follows that mycorrhizae are a generally 

 distributed phenomenon in woody plants." The species studied com- 

 prised most if not all the woody plants of Central Europe and a num- 

 ber of exotics such as Cedriis atlantica, Thuja occidenfalis, and Cor- 

 nus florida. It is one of the best modern studies extant. The same 

 authors (1937) studied salt-marsh plants collected from saline soil 

 about Neusiedler See and from Auschitz and Louny in Bohemia. The 

 roots of Suaeda maritima, Salicornia herhacea, Plantago maritima, 

 and six other species showed mycorrhizae which were identical in 

 structure with endotrophic mycorrhizae found by the authors in 

 woody plants. These observations coincide with those of Mason 

 ( 1928) except for Salicornia, which was not mycorrhizal in England. 

 Another Bohemian study, by Smotlacha (1911), indicates that 

 certain boletes are confined to the neighbourhood of certain trees, 

 as B. riifus with aspen, and he infers that mycorrhizae are oftentimes 

 formed on a certain tree only by a certain fungus. 



In an early Austrian paper, Henschel (1887) wished to upset 

 any idea of a beneficial symbiosis and he stated very positively that 

 presence of mycorrhizal fungi is "absolutely injurious" to spruce. 

 Another Austrian paper deals with endotrophic mycorrhizae of 

 Asdepiadaceae (Busich, 1913), an unusual group for mycor- 

 rhizal study, but as the material came from a botanical garden it tells 

 us nothing of Austrian plants except that A. syriaca is not mycor- 

 rhizal. In lower Austria, Pyrola is endotrophic and its mycorrhizal 

 association is obligatory (Furth, 1920). In Hungary, Bernatsky 

 (1900) wrote on exotics and philosophized on mycotrophy. 



The Balkans: — For the Balkans, we learn that Daphne is mycor- 

 rhizal in the land of the Croats, at the northernmost edge of the Balkan 



