Lecture V — 59 — Distribution 



peninsula; and Skoric (1925) comments on the curious fact that 

 both ecto- and endotrophic forms should be found in the same genus. 

 From nearby Istria were collected the mycorrhizomes of the orchid 

 Centrosis, used by Arcularius (1928) in his studies. The shrub 

 Forsythia, which is native to the Balkans, is known to be mycor- 

 rhizal. 



Italy: — For the Mediterranean region there are papers only from 

 Italy, except for those by Rivett (1924) and by Dufrenoy (1917) 

 on Arbutus. The Italian papers deal almost exclusively with northern 

 Italy and leave the maqui vegetation of southern Italy for future 

 study. Since mycorrhizae occur in chaparral of California (Cooper, 

 1922), a similar plant formation, it is to be presumed that they may 

 occur also in the maqui. A considerable number of wild and culti- 

 vated plants of northern Italy have been investigated, particularly 

 by Peyronel, who tells of the general localities of his collections, as 

 the Val Germanasca and the Valli Valdesi in Piedmont, forests about 

 Pisa, etc. Peyronel (1922&) concludes: 'L'estinza di micorize in 

 un grandissimo numero, verosimilimente la maggiore parte, della 

 pliante vascolari e un fatto accertato da tempo della osservazioni di 

 numerosi riceratori." 



One paper, by Ruggieri (1937), records mycorrhizae for almond 

 in the province of Syracuse in Sicily; and Reed & Fremont (1935) 

 say that citrus is mycorrhizal in this island. For the future, we may 

 expect studies of root structures in scrub vegetation of Mediterranean 

 shores, a comparison of those of the desert flora of the Mediterranean 

 area with those in America, and studies made in the numerous islands 

 and in the Balkans where forests still await students of our science. 

 Several papers have appeared in recent years from the University of 

 Pavia, notably by Ciferri and by Elisei. 



Africa: — Crossing to African shores, we find endophytes in 

 Morocco. Emberger (1924) tells of hepatics collected in this land, 

 and Miege (1936) has a paper on potato. As for the Atlas Moun- 

 tains and their Cedrus forests, we know nothing of possible mycor- 

 rhizae, nor do we know anything of the alpine flora of Africa. Ac- 

 cording to Stefansson, there is probably more permanent snow in 

 equatorial Africa than in all of the Arctic lowlands, and it will be 

 interesting to learn what effect it has on vegetation, in comparing 

 root-structures of the Arctic and the Alps with those of the Kili- 

 manjaro and the Ruwenzori Ranges. As for the rest of equatorial 

 Africa, we are in entire ignorance for no botanical Livingstone has 

 invaded dripping forest of the lowlands nor arid plateaus to learn for 

 us what the root structures may be. Yet there are some notes pre- 



