Kelley — 92 — Mycotrophy 



Infection of Mycothalli: — Infection seems to take place always 

 through rhizoids and is thus reported by all workers. Kny (1879) 

 said that "In numerous root hairs (sic) of Lumilaria (from the uni- 

 versity greenhouse) it was observed that a great part harboured 

 thread structures. In a series of cases these were sterile fungal hyphae 

 which branched hither and thither". "Seven cultures of Calypogeia 

 from very different habitats about Hilversum showed almost all 

 rhizoids attached to substratum infested while aerial hyphae were 

 fungus-free." (Garjeanne, 1903) Fungal hyphae penetrate rhi- 

 zoids of Marchantia and Lumilaria, especially where plants grow in 

 humus (Cavers, 1903) : hyphae were found in rhizoids of Lunularia 

 in South Africa (Auret, 1930) : in Italy, Bergamaschi (1932) found 

 in Fegatella and in Lunularia that non-septate hyaline hyphae invaded 

 the rhizoids and passed into underlying cells ; while Chaudhuri 

 (1935) found hyphae in rhizoids of all Indian liverworts investigated. 

 An endophyte penetrates rhizoids in Sezvardiella of southern India 

 (Chalaud, 1932). In Zoopsis of Java, the rhizoids frequently har- 

 bour hyphae which form pelotons and refractory granular material, 

 perhaps albuminoid. Divers other hepatics from the same forest pre- 

 sent the same endophyte (Janse, 1897). 



Limitation of Endophyte: — Limitation of the endophyte to 

 a definite portion of the thallus seems general. In New Zealand liver- 

 wort, Monodea Forsteri, every thallus possessed a sharply defined 

 mycorrhizal zone consisting of 2-4 layers of cells densely filled with 

 branching fungal hyphae (Cavers, 1903). This zone is confined to the 

 thicker median portion of the thallus and extends to within a short 

 distance of the growing point. Hyphae pierce the cell-wall and branch 

 out in the cell cavity, the nucleus of the infected cell grows in size and 

 often becomes enveloped by a tuft of short hyphal branches and some- 

 times the chloroplast becomes similarly enveloped, suggesting in ap- 

 pearance a lichen. On some of the hyphae are formed large spherical 

 vesicles. In Lunularia criiciata the fungus is confined to a definite 

 zone below the assimilating tissue (Auret, 1930) ; it occurs also in 

 the rhizoids and amphigastria but does not penetrate the gemmae-cups 

 and archegonia. The fungus consists of branched septate hyphae 

 with granular contents giving rise to vesicles, arbuscles and sporan- 

 gioles which conform with the general type of endophytic fungus found 

 in a great variety of higher plants. All plants, infected or uninfected, 

 are green and apparently healthy. Nicolas (1942) found in Lunu- 

 laria two sorts of infection: {!) confined to a band which runs the 

 length of the mid-nerve parallel to lower surface and removed from 

 it by several layers of immune cells rich in starch: (2) In other, male, 



