Lecture XII — 177 — Mycotrophic Phagocytosis 



were exposed to light, chlorophyll developed on the upper (lighted) 

 portion and here there was no infection, but in the lower (shaded) 

 portion chlorophyll was absent and the endophyte was present 

 (BuRGEs, 1939). This observation had been anticipated by Janse 

 (1897), who noted that Lecanorchis cells were fungus-free when 

 they contained chlorophyll. Mollison (1943) suggested a loss of 

 fungal vitality after a length of time, to explain failure of fungus to 

 penetrate where chlorphyll is developed. 



Summary of Limitation: — The sum of all these observations is 

 as follows : The invading endophyte is kept out of mycotrophic plant 

 tissues (-?) at a definite distance from stelar tissues of vascular plants ; 

 (2) from the growing apex of the root, never occurring in a meriste- 

 matic tissue; (i) from all chlorophyll tissues, which of course con- 

 tain active plastid bodies; and (4) from reproductive bodies such as 

 gemmae-cups, or archegonia of liverworts. Or to sum up these 

 categories into a single one, the endophyte is kept from all places 

 where active physico-chemical processes occur. They are kept out by 

 what has been aptly called a brutal phagocytosis. 



The Starch Relation: — One more link in a chain of evidence 

 must be presented, namely, the fungus-starch relation. Briefly, fungus 

 and starch stand in inverse relationship, for where the fungus is 

 present no starch exists, for the fungus utilizes the starch as it pro- 

 gresses. Many examples may be cited: Boulet (1910) found that 

 starch disappears from fruit tree mycorrhizae when fungus is present ; 

 RuGGiERi (1937), that starch vanishes from sporangiole cells of 

 Amygdalus; Endrigkeit (1937) noted similar disappearance of 

 starch from Rhamnus; Figdor (1897), from Cotylanthera; Issat- 

 schenko (1913), from Tribulus; and Jennings (1898), from Coral- 

 lorhiza. Starch disappears from Dipodiiim mycorrhizae soon after 

 penetration of hyphae (McLuckie, 1922) ; the fungus uses starch 

 in Centrosis (Arcularius, 1928) ; penetration of hyphae in Orchis 

 is followed by dissolution of the starch (Fuchs, 1924) ; on the 

 entrance of the fungus into Pogonia the starch begins to disappear 

 (Carlson, 1938). Burgeff (1909) had said that the orchid fungi 

 dissolve out starch as they go, a statement anticipated by Schacht 

 in 1854. 



On the other hand, Kusano (1911) stated that in Gastrodia starch 

 disappears from all mycorrhizal cells of the cortex but reappears in 

 the inner (third region) after cessation of metabolic activity. In the 

 innermost cells of Ophioglossurn prothallus the fungus is alasent and 

 cells are full of starch. In Botrychium the apex and reproductive 



