TEST QUESTIONS FOR STUDENTS 929 



ment of a Vertebrate after the segmentation of the ovum ? [The estab- 

 lishment of the central nervous system, of the primitive gut, of the 

 notochord, of the mesoblast-segments and coelom.] 



187. How is it that the milk-glands of a mammalian mother come 

 to be actively ready when they are needed by the offspring ? 



188. Give three examples of definitely intelligent behaviour as 

 contrasted with instinctive behaviour. 



i8g. Give a short account of animal industries, considering them 

 as counterparts of human occupations. 



190. What are the main modes of inheritance ? 



191. In what structural respects does Man differ from the higher 

 apes ? 



192. Can you throw any light on the most difficult problem in 

 biology — the origin of the distinctively new ? 



193. Give with the help of a diagram a general account of the 

 circulation of the blood in a Mammal. 



194. What chemical compounds are of usual occurrence in animals ? 

 [Proteins, carbohydrates, lipins or fatty substances, extractives (like 

 amino-acids, lactic acid, urea), salts, water.] 



195. What are proteins ? [Nitrogenous carbon compounds, forming 

 an essential part of the physical basis of life, and often of the less 

 labile bodily framework. A tvpical chemical composition is Cg^ Ogr 

 Nj, H, S,., Ph,,3.] 



196. why must animals breathe ? [Much of living is oxidation. 

 Oxygen must be brought in from outside to keep the fire of life 

 burning. The waste CO2, which would poison if it accumulated, 

 must be got rid of.] 



197. What is the origin of the nitrogenous waste that is got rid of 

 in excretion? [(i) From the fine waste of the protein framework, 

 owing to the wear and tear of life, and (2) from nitrogenous waste 

 involved in the utilisation of protein-food.] 



198. Sum up the " evidence of evolution." [{a) Physiological, 

 e.g. variations, reversions, chemical evidence of blood-relationship. 



(b) Morphological, e.g. homologies, vestigial organs, connecting links. 



(c) Historical, (i) the palaeontological history, and (2) the general 

 recapitulation of phylogeny in ontogeny.] 



199. Mention some of the chemical processes that commonly go on 

 in metabolism. [Oxidations, reductions {e.g. fats from sugars), 

 hydrations, dehydration syntheses (e.g. building up proteins), fer- 

 mentations.] 



200. Give an account of some of the chief modes of animal loco- 

 motion, [(a) Pushing the body along with an appendage or part 

 of the body pressed against a substratum, e.g. an insect walking ; 

 (b) hauling the body up to a point of attachment, e.g. leech ; (c) sculling 

 from behind, e.g. fish ; (d) rowing in some form, e.g. duckmole 

 swimming with fore-limbs, bird flying.] 



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