ABSORPTION OF MATERIALS IN GENERAL 



II 7 



of KNO3, and the last column gives the osmotic pressure produced by a i-per 

 cent, solution of each substance. 



Substance 



Chemical 

 Formula 



Molecular 

 Weight 



Isosmotic 

 Coefficient 



Ob- 

 served 



In Round 

 Numbers 



Concentration 



Isosmotic 



with 0.1 ra 



KNQ 3 



Osmotic 



Pressure 



Produced by 



i.o-Per Cent. 



Solution 



Saccharose 



Glucose 



Glycerine 



Citric acid 



Oxalic acid 



Potassium nitrate. . 

 Ammonium chloride 

 Potassium sulphate. 

 Magnesium sulphate 

 Magnesium chloride 

 Potassium citrate . 



C12H22O11 



CeHjzOe 



CaHsO,, 



CsHsOt 



C2H.O4 



KNO3 



NH4CI 



K2SO4 



MgS0 4 



MgCl 2 



K 3 C 6 H*07 



342.0 

 180.0 



92 .0 

 192 .0 



90.0 

 101 .0 



53-5 

 174-0 

 120.0 



95-0 

 306.0 



per cent. 

 5.13 

 2.70 

 1.39 

 2.88 

 1.35 

 1 .01 

 0.53 

 1.30 

 1.80 



.71 



1 .84 



atmospheres 

 o .69 



25 

 •54 



23 

 .62 



50 



6.67 

 2 .72 

 1-93 

 4-98 

 1 .92 



In the above table the isosmotic coefficients are seen to be about 2, 3, 4 

 and 5. If the coefficient for saccharose and the other organic compounds be 

 taken as unity, then the remaining ones become %, 2, and %. 



It is also evident from this table that the osmotic pressures produced by the 

 non-electrolytes (saccharose, glycerine and the other organic compounds) are re- 

 lated to their molecular weights. A solution containing 92 g. of glycerine per 

 liter produces the same osmotic pressure as one of cane sugar containing 342 g. 

 per liter. These two solutions contain very different amounts of substance 

 by weight, but they contain equal numbers of molecules {i.e., they are equi- 

 molecular). Here all molecules produce the same osmotic pressure, and the 

 osmotic pressure of a solution is thus proportional to its molecular concentra- 

 tion. This agrees with Avogadro's law for gases, which states that gas pressure 

 is proportional to the number of molecules occurring in a given volume. Van't 

 Hoff compared solutions of solid bodies in liquids, with gases, and concluded 

 that osmotic pressure follows the same law as does gas pressure. One gram- 

 molecule of any gas {e.g., 44 g. of C0 2 ) occupies a volume of 22.4 1., with a pres- 

 sure of 760 mm. and at a temperature of o°C. When this volume of gas is re- 

 duced to 1 I., the pressure becomes 22.4 atmospheres. If the van't Hoff theory 

 is correct, a molecular solution of cane sugar containing 342 g. per liter should 

 produce 22.4 atmospheres of osmotic pressure, and a i-per cent, solution of 

 the same substance should give an osmotic pressure of 0.69 atmosphere at 

 i5°C. The pressure actually produced by a i-per cent, solution of cane sugar 

 lies between 0.62 and 0.71 atmosphere according to Pfeffer's measurements, 

 which constitutes a brilliant confirmation of the theory. 



The following table gives a summary of other osmotic values for cane- 

 sugar solutions, as observed by Pfeffer and as calculated by the van't Hoff 

 theory. 



