FERMENTATION AND RESPIRATION 225 



According to Kostychev's 1 experiments, Psalliota (Agaricus, the ordinary 

 cultivated mushroom) forms considerable amounts of carbon dioxide but no trace 

 of alcohol, when grown under anaerobic conditions. This mushroom was found 

 to contain no sugar at all. 2 The same writer found that A spergillusniger, 3 grown 

 anaerobically in a medium without carbohydrates, produces much carbon diox- 

 ide. Whatever may be the decomposition products arising in this case, it is 

 clear that anaerobic respiration is not always the same thing as alcoholic fermenta- 

 tion. Although it was long supposed 4 that plants containing mannite eliminate 

 not only carbon dioxide but also molecular hydrogen, when deprived of oxygen, 

 Kostychev 5 was unable to detect any production of hydrogen by such plants. 



When plants are transferred to aerobic conditions after a prolonged period 

 without oxygen, an accelerated production of carbon dioxide is sometimes ob- 

 served. 6 This may be explained by supposing that unoxidized decomposition 

 products of anaerobic respiration are oxidized as soon as oxygen becomes again 

 available. 



Both lower and higher plants consume more nutritive materials during 

 anaerobic than during aerobic respiration. The processes of oxidation (respira- 

 tion) are thus more efficient from the standpoint of the organism than are those 

 of reduction (fermentation). 7 Anaerobic respiration, like aerobic, is influenced 

 by many kinds of conditions, some of which accelerate while others retard the 

 production of the carbon dioxide. 8 



§9. Respiration Chromogens/— Very widespread in plants are a group of 

 substances called by Palladin 9 respiration chromogcns. To obtain them, an 



1 Kostytschew, S.,Ueber anaerobe Athmung ohne Alkoholbildung. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges.2 5 : 188-191. 

 1908. Idem, Zweite Mitteilung uber anaerobe Atmung ohne Alkoholbildung. Ibid. 26a: 167-177. 1908. 



2 Kostytschew, S., Ein eigentumlicher Typus der Pflanzenatmung. Zeitsch. physiol. Chem. 65:350- 

 382. 1910. 



3 Kostychev, S., Untersuchungen uber die anaerobe Athmung der Pflanzen. [Abstract in German, 

 p. 155-162. Text in Russian.] Scripta Botanica Hort. Univ. Imp. St. Petersburg 25: 1-162. 1907. 



4 Miintz, A., Recherches sur les fonctions des champignons. Ann. chim. et phys. V, 3: 56-92. 1876. 

 Luca, Sebastiano de, Recherches chimiques tendant a demonstrer la production de l'alcool dans les feuilles, 

 les fleurs et les fruits de certaines plantes. Ann. sci. nat. Bot. VI, 6: 286-302. 1878. 



6 Kostytschew, S., Zur Frage uber die Wasserstoffausscheidung bei der Atmung der Samenpflanzen. 

 Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 24: 436-441. 1906. Idem, Zur Frage der Wasserstoffbildung bei der Atmung 

 der Pilze. Ibid. 25: 178-188. 1907. 



6 Palladin, W., Ueber normale und intramolekulare Atmung der einzelligen Alge Chlorothecium sac- 

 charophilum. Centralbl. Bakt. //, 11: 146-153. 1904. 



7 Palladin, V. I. [W.], [Title and text in Russian.] Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow 62 7/ : 44-126. 1886. 

 Palladin, W., Bedeutung des Sauerstoffs fur die Pflanzen. (Extract from the Russian paper just cited.) 

 Ibid. 62" ': 127-133. 1886. 



8 Smirnoff, 1903. [See note 6, p. 216.] Kostytschew, 1902. [See note 3, p. 87.] Morkowin, N., 

 Ueber den Einfluss der Reizwirkungen auf die intramolekulare Atmung der Pflanzen. Ber. Deutsch. 

 Bot. Ges. 21 : 72-80. 1903. 



9 Palladin, V. I. [W.], Sur la repartition et la formation des chromogenes respiratoires dans les plantes. 

 [Russian.] Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg F7, 2 : 977-990. 1908. [This work is also reported in the 

 next two references.] Palladin, W., Die Verbreitung der Atmungschromogene bei den Pflanzen. Ber. 

 Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 26a: 378-389. 1908. Idem, Ueber die Bildung der Atmungschromogene in den 

 Pflanzen. Ibid. 26a: 389-394- 1908. Palladin, V. I. [W.], Sur le prochromogenes des chromogenes 

 respiratoires des plantes. [Russian.] Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg VI, 3: 371-376. 1909. 

 [This is also reported in the next reference.] Palladin, W., Ueber Prochromogene der Pflanzlichen At- 

 mungschromogene. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 27: 101-106. 1909. Palladin, V. I. [W.], Contributions a 

 la physiologie des lipoides. [Russian.] Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg VI, 4: 785-795. 1910. 

 Palladin, W., Synergin, das Prochromogen des Atmungsfermente der Weizenkeime. Biochem. Zeitsch. 

 27: 442-449. 1910. 



k Sections 9 and 10 are translated from the 7th Russian edition; they differ from the corre- 

 sponding sections (10 and 9) of the German edition. — Ed. 

 15 



