X CONTENTS 



Chapter 4, contd. PaGE 



3. Sensitization of Water Decomposition by Solids (Z-nO and AgCl) 72 



4. Photoxidation of Water by Cations 74 



5. Photoxidation of Water by Dyestuffs 76 



C. The Chemical and Photochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide ... 78 



1. Chemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide 79 



2. Decomposition and Reduction of Carbon Dioxide in Ultraviolet 

 Light 81 



3. Sensitized Reduction of Carbon Dioxide 84 



Bibliography 94 



Chap. 5. Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis of Bacteria 99 



A. Bacterial Photosynthesis 99 



1 . Types of Autotrophic Bacteria 99 



2. The Over-All Photosynthetic Reactions of Autotrophic Bacteria 102 



3. Combined Photosynthesis and Heterotrophic Assimilation of 

 Photoheterotrophic Bacteria 106 



B. Bacterial Chemosynthesis Ill 



1. Types of Chemautotrophic Bacteria 112 



2. Efficiency of Chemautotrophic Bacteria 118 



3. Methane-Producing Bacteria and other Cases of Carbon Dioxide 

 Absorption by Heterotrophants 120 



C. The Role of Autotrophic Bacteria in Nature 123 



Bibliography 125 



Chap. 6. The Metabolism of Anaerobically Adapted Algae 128 



1. The Adaptation of Algae to Hydrogen and Hydrogen Sulfide. . 128 



2. The Mechanism of Hydrogen Adaptation and De-adaptation . . 129 



3. The Dark Reactions of Adapted Algae 136 



4. The Photochemical Reactions of Adapted Algae 142 



Bibliography 148 



Chap. 7. The Primary Photochemical Process 150 



1. The Problem of the Primary Process 150 



2. Oxidation of Water as the Primary Process. First Four Quanta 

 Theory 155 



3. Reduction of Carbon Dioxide as the Primary Process. Second 

 Four Quanta Theory 157 



4. Hydrogen Exchange Between Intermediates as the Primary 

 Process. Third Four Quanta Theory 159 



5. Two Different Primary Four Quanta Processes. First Eight 

 Quanta Theory 160 



6. Dismutation of Energy as an Alternative to a Second Primary 

 Process. Second Eight Quanta Theory 164 



7. Comparison of Different Primary Processes 166 



8. The Primary Process in Bacteria and Adapted Algae 168 



Bibhography 170 



Chap. 8. The Nonphotochemical Reactions in Photosynthesis. I. Fixation of 



Carbon Dioxide 172 



A. The Carbon Dioxide Fixation in vitro 173 



1. The Carbon Dioxide-Water Equilibrium 173 



2. Carbon Dioxide Absorption by Alcohols 179 



