BIBLIOGRAPHY TO CHAPTER 8 209 



Another example of biological carbon dioxide fixation by carboxylation 

 is provided by the propionic acid bacteria, studied by Wood and Werkman 

 (1936, 19381-2, 19401.2), Phelps, Johnson, and Peterson (1939), Carson 

 and Ruben (1940), and Carson, Foster, Ruben, and Barker (1941). In 

 the absence of carbon dioxide, these bacteria convert glycerol into 

 propionic acid by dehydration: 



(8.35) C,H6(0H), > CsHsCOOH + H2O 



In the presence of carbon dioxide, the products include succinic acid, 

 CH2(COOH)2, apparently formed by carboxylation of an intermediate 

 C3 product. If radioactive carbon dioxide is used, the activity is found, 

 after the reaction, in the carboxyhc groups of both propionic and succinic 

 acid. 



Numerous other examples of biological CO2 uptake by bacteria, 

 plant tissues (for example, ground barley roots), and animal tissues 

 (pigeon and rat liver) have been found since 1935 ; many of them probably 

 involve carboxylations, although some may be true reductions. 



Van Niel, Ruben, Carson, Kamen, and Foster (1942) suggested that 

 biological carboxylations are essential for growth and respiration because 

 they contribute to the synthesis of the C4 acids (fumaric, maUc, succinic, 

 oxalacetic), which play an important part in respiration (and perhaps 

 also in photosynthesis). 



Bibliography to Chapter 8 

 Fixation of Carbon Dioxide 



A. Carbon Dioxide Fixation in vitro 



1899 Bohr, C, Ann. Physik, 68, 500. 



1905 Bohr, C. in C. Bohr and W. Nagel, Handbuch der Physiologie des 

 Menschen. Vol. 1, 1905, p. 54. 



Siegfried, M., Z. physiol. Chem., 44, 85. 



Siegfried, M., ibid., 46, 401. 



Siegfried, M., and Neumann, L., ibid., 54, 423. 



1908 Siegfried, M., and Liebermann, M., ibid., 54, 437. 



1909 Siegfried, M., and Howwjanz, S., ibid., 59, 376. 



1911 Fichter, F., and Becker, B., Ber. deut. chem. Ges., 44, 3481. 



1912 McBain, J. W., J. Chem. Soc., 101, 814. 



Tillmans, J., and Heublein, O., Gesundh.-Ing., 35, 669. 



Auerbach, F., ibid., 35, 869. 

 1914 Thiel, A., and Strohecker, R., Ber. deut. chem. Ges., 47, 945, 1061. 

 1916 Johnston, J., and Williamson, E. D., /. Am. Chem. Soc., 38, 975. 



Strohecker, R., Z. Untersuch. Nahru. Genussm., 31, 121. 



1918 Willstatter, R., and Stoll, A., Untersuchungen iiber die Assimilation 



der Kohlensailre. Springer, Berlin, 1918. 



1919 Warburg, 0., Biochem. Z., 100, 238. 



