394 CHLOROPLASTS AND CHROMOPLASTS CHAP. 14 



stroma. If a granum consists of 20-30 pigment layers, only 5% of chlorophyll can be 

 contained in these surface layers (10% if we assume the chlorophyll molecules in the 

 surface layers to stand "on edge," instead of the inclined position they assume in 

 monolayers; c/. page 449). These chlorophyll molecules may be bound to the proteins 

 in the stroma and remain attached to them when the grana are disintegrated by aqueous 

 lipophiUc solvents. This may account for the observation of Neish (1939'), who found 

 that the greater part of chlorophyll can be extracted from the "chloroplast matter" by 

 means of 85% acetone, but that some chlorophyll remains in the precipitate and can 

 be dissolved in acetone only after a prehminary extraction with 10% trichloroacetic acid. 



Attempts have been made to prepare artificial protein-pigment-lipide 



"sandwiches" of the type postulated by Hubert, According to Sten- 



hagen and Rideal (1939), porphyrins react specifically with protein 



monolayers ("tanning" them) and penetrate lipide monolayers by a 



weaker and less specific interaction between the hydrophobic parts of the 



interacting molecules. Studies of chlorophyll films on globin from ox 



blood and phospholipides (commercial ovolecithin and plancitin) were 



made by Nicolai and Weurman (1938). Globin was found to provide a 



good basis for chlorophyll deposition; alternative chlorophyll-lecithin 



layers could be formed if chlorophyll was deposited by raising, and not 



by dipping the supporting frame through the surface film. However, 



none of the multifilms prepared in this way showed fluorescence, and no 



birefringence could be detected with films consisting of 180 chlorophyll 



monolayers. 



Bibliography to Chapter 14 



Chloroplasts and Chromoplasts 



A. Structure of the Chloroplasts 



1862 Sachs, J., Botan. Z., 20, 365. 



1881 Pringsheim, N., Jahrb. wiss. Botan., 12, 288. 



1882 Haberlandt, G., ibid., 13, 84, 179. 

 Engelmann, T. W., Botan. Z., 40, 419. 



1883 Engelmann, T. W., ibid., 41, 1. 

 Reinke, J., ibid., 41, 697, 713, 732. 



Schmitz, G. J. F., Verhandl. Naturhist. Ver. Rheinland-Westfalen, 40, 

 Meyer, A., Das Chlorophyll Korn. FeHx, Leipzig, 1883. 



1884 Tschirch, A., Morphologie der Chlorophijllkorner. Parey, Berlin, 1884. 



1885 Schimper, A. F. W., Jahrb. wiss. Botan., 16, 1. 

 1891 Bredow, H., ibid., 22, 349. 



1903 Timiriazev, C., Proc. Roij. Soc. London B, 72, 424. 



1907 Priestley, J. H., and Irving, A. A., Ann. Botamj, 21, 407. 



1912 Meyer, A., Ber. deut. botan. Ges., 35, 658. 



1913 Liebaldt, E., Z. Botan., 5, 65. 



1914 Ponomarev, A. P., Ber. deut. botan. Ges., 32, 483. 

 1920 Mobius, M., ibid., 38, 224. 



1922 Metzner, P., ibid., 40, 125. 



1923 Lloyd, F. E., Science, 58, 91, 229. 



