BIBLIOGRAPHY 



187 



such increases in yield are found. This general principle obviously 

 applies to all biosynthetic studies with putative precursors. 



Penicillinase is produced by many bacteria and probably by acti- 

 nomycetes; it is not certain whether any fungus forms it (116). Its 

 action is to convert penicillins to penicilloic acids by hydrolysis and 

 opening of the /J-lactam ring. 



Penicillin amidase, found in the mycelium of Penicillium chryso- 

 genum and Aspergillus oryzae, splits off the benzyl side chain from 

 benzylpenicillin; like penicillinase, it attacks a peptide (amide) link- 

 age (459). 



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