BIBLIOGRAPHY 347 



tially deficient for a given vitamin (61, 195, 214), and deficient mu- 

 tants may be obtained in both Aspergillus and Penicillium (17, 115, 

 195). These genera are all vigorous saprophytes, widespread in na- 

 ture, and frequently isolated from soil. They seem to form, therefore, 

 an ecological type independent of taxonomic boundaries; at present, 

 however, it is fruitless to speculate on the biochemical, genetic, or 

 environmental determinants involved. 



Soil-inhabiting fungi are not, however, as a group independent of 

 vitamins, many soil fungi requiring them for maximal growth (6). 

 Soil, especially soil of high organic matter, contains several vitamins 

 (234, 235), probably formed by higher plants (298) or algae (78); it is 

 not surprising, therefore, to find deficient soil fungi. 



Certain major ecological groups show no general pattern of vitamin 

 dependence; these include animal pathogens (5, 52, 223), plant patho- 

 gens (45, 46, 55, 215, 217, 244, 336), and the aquatic phycomycetes as 

 a group (36). Among the insect pathogens, however, limited data 

 suggest a tendency for species of wide host range, e.g., Isaria farinosa, 

 to be independent of growth factors, and more specialized pathogens, 

 e.g., Hirsutella spp., to require vitamins and organic nitrogen (154). 



The nearest approach to a correlation of a taxonomic group with 

 a vitamin requirement is in the Agaricales; almost all the fungi in 

 this group that have been investigated require thiamine, replaceable 

 for most by the pyrimidine moiety (71, 119, 145, 146, 166, 183, 213, 

 332). Ecologically, these include wood-destroying, litter-decomposing, 

 and mycorrhizal groups, i.e., groups living in environments in which 

 it is likely that thiamine is present. A similar situation may prevail 

 in some of the orders of the lower phycomycetes (36), but too few 

 species have been investigated, far fewer than among the Agaricales. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



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2. Almquist, H. J. 1941. Physiol. Revs. 21: 194-216. 



3. Almquist, H. S. 1954. In W. H. Sebrell, Jr. and R. S. Harris (eds.), The Vita- 

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4. Andreasen, A. A. and T. J. B. Stier. 1953. /. Cellular Comp. Physiol. 41: 

 23-36. 



5. Area Leao, A. E. de and A. Cury. 1950. Mycopath. et Mycol. Appl. 5: 65-90. 



6. Atkinson, R. G. and J. B. Robinson. 1955. Can. J. Botany 33: 281-288. 



7. Bamer, H. D. and E. C. Cantino. 1952. Am. J. Botany 39: 746-751. 



8. Barnett, H. L. and V. G. Lilly. 1948. Am. J. Botany 35: 297-302. 



9. Beadle, G. W. 1944. /. Biol. Chem. 156: 683-689. 



10. Beadle, G. W. and E. L. latum. 1911. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 27: 499-506. 



11. Bender, A. E., H. A. Krebs, and N. H. Horowitz. 1949. Biochem. J. (London) 

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