146 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FUNGI 



duces acetaldehyde, which in turn may yield either ethyl alcohol or acetic 

 acid. Acetate is utilized by yeast and other fungi for the synthesis of 

 fats and other cellular constituents. A fungus utilizes a compound by a 

 series of step-by-step transformation. Among the best understood of 

 these metabolic activities is the transformation of glucose into alcohol by 

 yeasts. 



REFERENCES 



Ajl, S. J., and C. II. Werkman: On the mechanism of carbon dioxide replacement 



in heterotrophic metaboHsm, Jour. Bad. 57 : 579-593, 1949. 

 Armstrong, E. F. : Studies in enzyme action. I. The correlation of the stereoisomeric 



alpha and beta glucosides with the corresponding glucoses. Jour. Chem. Soc. 83 : 



1305-1313, 1903. 

 Bertrand, G.: Etude biochemique de la bacteria du sorbose, Ann. chim. et phys. 3: 



181-288, 1904. 

 Campbell, W. G.: The chemistry of the white rots of wood. III. The effect on 



wood substance of Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., Fomes fomentarius 



(Linn.) Fr., Polyporus adustus (Willd.) Fr., Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) Fr., 



ArmiUaria meUea (Vahl.) Fr., Trametes pit^i (Brot.) Ft., Sind Polystictus abietinus 



(Dicks.) Fr., Biochem. Jour. 26: 1829-1838, 1932. 

 Canting, E. C: The phj^siology of the aquatic Phycomycete, Blastocladia Pring- 



sheimii, with emphasis on its nutrition u,nd metabolism, Am. Jour. Botany 36: 



95-112, 1949. 

 Caputto, R., L. F. Leloir, R. E. Trucco, C. E. Cardini, and A. C. Paladini: 



The enzymatic transformation of galactose into glucose derivatives, Jour. Biol. 



Chem. 179 : 497-198, 1949. 

 Cheo, p. C: Stripe smut of blue grass (Ustilago striiformis forina Poae-pratensis): 



Spore germniation, artificial inoculation, pathological histology and growth in 



artificial media, thesis. West Virginia University, 1949. 

 Dox, A. W., and R. E. Neidig: Spaltung von a- und /3-Methylglucosid durch 



Aspergillus nigcr, Biochem. Zeit. 46: 397-402, 1912. 

 Dox, A. ^Y., and G. W. Roark, Jr.: The utilization of a/p/ia-methylglucoside by 



Aspergillus nigcr, Jour. Biol. Chem. 41: 475-481, 1920. 

 Dulaney, E. L. : Observations on Streptomyces griseus. III. Carbon sources for 



growth and streptomycin production, Mycologia 41: 1-10, 1949. 

 Foster, J. W. : Chemical Activities of Fungi, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1949. 

 Foster, J. W., S. F. Carson, S. Rl'ben, and IM. D. Kamen: Radioactive carbon 



as an indicator of carbon dioxide utilization. VII. The assimilation of carbon 



dioxide by molds, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 27: 590-596, 1941. 

 Foster, J. W., and J. B. D.wis: Anaerobic formation of fumaric acid by the mold 



Rhizopus nigricans. Jour. Bad. 56 : 329-338, 1948. 

 Friedemann, T. E., and G. E. Haugen: Pyruvic acid. II. The determination of 



keto acids in blood and urine. Jour. Biol. Chem. 147: 415-442, 1943. 

 Fries, N.: Ucber die Bedeutung von Wuchsstoffen flir das Wachstum verscheidener 



Pilze, Symbolae Botan. Upsalienses 3 : 2, 1938. 

 GiLMAN, II.: Organic Chemistry, an Advanced Treatise, Vol. II, John Wiley & Sons, 



Inc., New York, 1943. 

 Gottlieb, D. : The utilization of amino acids as a source of carbon by fungi, Arch. 



Biochem. 9: 341-351, 1946. 

 Grassmann, W., L. Zeichmeister, G. Toth, and R. Stadder: Ueber den enzyma- 



tischen Abbau der Cellulose und ihrer Spaltprodukte. 2. Mitteilung iiber 



enzymatische Spaltung von Polysacchariden, J. Leibigs Ann. d. Chem. 503: 



167-179, 1933. 



