( I.I H HOOT OK < nil IFERS 



111 



ArktT ^'.'J.">). IJroMii (,'."i7). Murpliy (^'■"(7) .-ind l$rn- 

 m-tt ('3!»). 



On tlu- otluT liaiul, unsatisfactory and incoiu'lu- 

 sivo results from tlu- uso of linio as a control meas- 

 ure have been reported l)y the followiiifi: workers: 

 Potter ('in). Hiltner ('08). Naiiniaiin ('12. '13). 

 Appel and Schlumberfier ('13). Sehliiniberger (It). 

 I'ettera ^' 1 7 ). .lanson ('20), Kjrirenieyer ( '20), \'iel- 

 hauer ('20). Vogel ("22). Whiteliead ('22). I.indfors 

 ('21-), Ksmarch ("2.5). Korff and Boninp; ('27), 

 Flachsaiid Kronberger ("30), Vilkaitis ("33), Motte 

 ('33), Bailie and Miiskett ('33). and .Tanialainen 

 ('3(5). 



The .■iniount of lime used and reeominended by 

 many of these workers varies greatly, and this may 

 partly explain some of the inconsistencies in the re- 

 sults obtained. The investigators listed below have 

 used and advocated the following quantities of lime 

 in the control of club root: 



.\bluiy (1831), :?.5(i bu. per ;nre. 



Hunter ("-i'). 14— 1(> tons per acre. 



Sommerville ('!U), "DO lbs. per acre in drill.s witli seed. 



.1. A. Voelcker (94), 2 tons ))er acre. 



Stewart ('9.5), 90 bu. per acre. 



Mathleii-Sanson ("9"). 400 liters per acre. 



Hawk ('98), ()-8 tons per acre. 



Mc.Mpine ('03), 0.3-'-0.(>7 liters per sij. in. 



I.aubert ("0.5), 1..5 kp. per sq. m. 



Seliluinherjrer (14), --3 kjr. per sq. ni. 



Hurkart ('lo), 0.5-0.0' fnn. per sq. m. 



Neper ("l"), 0.5-1.0 kp. ))er sq. ni. 



Triesehmann ("17), ;?-3 kp. per sq. m. 



Popp ('19), 0.5-0.6 kp. per sq. m. 



Biibner ("--), 1.4 kp. per sq. m. 



Hosterinann and Noak ("J3), 0.5-0.6 kp. per sq. ni. 



Darnell-Smith ("-4), 1.50 bu. per acre. 



Herpers {'-H), O.ij kp. i)er sq. m. 



Beyer ('-5), 0..5 to 0.6 kp. i)er sq. m. 



Tessenow (':J6), 400 pms. (ler sq. m. 



Gleisberp {'26), 0.5-0.6 kp. per sq. ni. 



Kirsebner ('27), l-J kp. per sq. m. 



Blunek ('i?9), 1-2 kp. per sq. m. 



.\lbert ('31), 1—4 tons ])er acre. 



Anony. (Australia, "40), 2 tons bydrated lime per acre. 



Stubbs ("41), 1-2 tons per acre. 



The majority of workers listed above did not 

 specify the kind of lime used, and it is im])ossible to 

 determine whether they used pure calcium hydrate, 

 air-slaked lime, carbonate of lime, etc., or calcium 

 cyanamide. Since all kinds of lime are not equally 

 effective in controlling club root many of the differ- 

 ences in results reported in the literature arc doubt- 

 less due to tliis factor. .Soil difl'erences. degree of 

 spore infestation, environmental conditions, soil 

 moisture, variations in technique and time of lime ap- 

 plication before ))lantiiig, use of manure and acid 

 fertilizers with lime, etc., are factors which may in- 

 fluence the effectiveness of lime, and unless they are 

 kejit as constant as possible in cx|)erimental work, 

 ditfereiices in results are certain to occur. That such 

 factors are im))ortant is well shown by the jirecaii- 

 tions reconnnended for the use of lime. Schlumberger 

 ('14), for instance, claimed that lime is effective only 



it the soil is thoroughly ;ur,iti(l at the time of .ippli- 

 c.-ition, while I.arscn and Walker ('SI) rcjiorted that 

 acr.-ition in relation to liming increases infection. 

 They also found that fluctuations of soil moisture at 

 a relatively low moisture content influenced the de- 

 gree of infection in limed soils. A|)pel .-iiul .Schlum- 

 berger (11) noted th.it liming becomes less effective 

 on a given i)lot the second year, and I.indfors ('21-) 

 .asserted that lime is ineffective if the disease is 

 already present. If not, lime is a good club root in- 

 hibitor. Murphy ('27) m;iintained that lime does not 

 take effect until the tliird or fourth year after a])- 

 l>lication, and Kreuzpointer ('29) stated that lim- 

 ing .ind other control measures are worthless if stable 

 and liquid manure are used in conjunction. All of 

 these re])orts as well as others to be found in the lit- 

 erature, show that several factors operate and iiiHii- 

 ence the inhibitory properties of lime. 



Some of the workers who have specified the kind 

 and quantity of lime used are listed in table 3, which 

 is obviously very incomplete because much of the 

 Euro))ean and Asiatic literature has not been avail- 

 able since the jiresent war began. Table 3 shows 

 quite clearly that the amount of lime used and rec- 

 ommended as well as the effects produced vary 

 greatly. Calcium hj'drate is generally believed to be 

 the most effective, but Walker and I.arsen ('3.5) 

 found that calcium cyanamide is about twice as effec- 

 tive as Ca(OH)^. in reducing infection in cabbages. 

 Martin ('31') and Haenselcr and Moyer ('37) have 

 likewise found calcium cyanamide to be effective 

 when used alone, and when used in combination with 

 calcium hydrate the decrease in clubbing was even 

 greater. Wellman ('30) got complete inhibition with 

 calcium hydrate, and found that limes consisting of 

 CaCO-., and CaSO^ ■ 'ZH.^O are not good club root 

 inhibitors. On the other hand, limes which are of CaO 

 or C'a(OH)2 composition are good inhibitors. The 

 effectiveness of air-slaked lime varies greatly. The 

 relative amounts of hydrate and carbonate in air- 

 slaked lime varies considerably depending on the 

 conditions under which the oxide is slaked, and this 

 factor doubtless influences its effectiveness. Burnt 

 quick lime (CaO) is usually beneficial, but calcium 

 carbonate is generally regarded as ineffective. Al- 

 though Massee and Carricklee reported gas lime to 

 be inhibitory it has been found to be of little or no 

 value ( Halsted, '96-'99). Calcium chloride not only 

 fails to arrest club root infection but also reduces the 

 croj) materially. Raw ground limestone is rc|)orted to 

 be effective (I,. R. .lones, '01), but Wellman ('30) 

 found no inhibitory effects by its use. Later, however, 

 I.arscn and Walker ('S^) rejiorted that finely ground 

 dolomitic limestone distinctly inhibited infection 

 when a))|)lied in sufficient quantity to bring the jiH up 

 to ().9. .ind completely i)reveiited infection at |)H 7.2 

 and 7.6. 



In Germany and other countries of Euroi)c a jiat- 

 ented preparation called Steiner's remedy, consist- 

 ing of relative ))ro])ortions (Popp, '19b) of lime, 

 ashes, and refuse or waste, has been used with con- 

 siderable success in controlling club root. In addi- 



