8 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 



Brewing and the manufacture of fermented, alcoholic drinks 

 of various kinds, of which wine and beer are the better known, 

 are also important industries based upon the activities of micro- 

 organisms, chiefly yeasts of various types. Furthermore, the al- 

 cohol contained in the stronger liquors (gin, whiskey, brandy, etc.) 

 is obtained by the like action of these same microorganisms. The 

 entire industry of alcoholic beverages is, therefore, based upon 

 the activities of plants, not only because yeasts are plants but 

 also because plants furnish the raw materials upon which these 

 organisms act and from which the alcohol is derived. 



Landscape architecture is the science or art of improving the 

 surface of the earth to better suit man's aesthetic nature or his love 

 of the beautiful. It is hence a connecting link between the botani- 

 cal sciences and the arts. Two of its branches, floriculture and 

 landscape gardening, are directly concerned with plants. The 

 landscape gardener must know something of soil requirements, 

 season of blooming, rate of growth, etc., of the plants he uses if he 

 is to obtain the most satisfactory results. In other words, he should 

 be a botanist. 



Since petroleum and coal come from plants, the huge industries 

 based upon them, while not directly botanical, are indirectly de- 

 pendent upon plant life in past geologic ages, and might also be 

 included here. If not botanical industries, they are paleobotanical. 



The following summarized key shows the relations of the botani- 

 cal sciences to each other: 



I. Pure botany — science for the sake of science. 

 L Structure dominant idea. 



A. Evolution not main interest — Morphology. 

 A a. Time relations dominant — Embryology. 

 J \ b. Space relations dominant. 

 Compkrative 1. The cells — Cytology. 



Morphology. 2. The tissues — Histology or Minute Anatomy. 



7 \ 3. The organs — Gross Morphology. 



Experimental B. Evolution main interest — Systematic Botany. 

 Morphojtagy / a. Extant plants — Taxonomy. 



PL Geography. b. Extinct plants — Paleobotany. 

 2? Function dominant idea. 



A. Plants under controlled conditions— Physiology. 



B. Plants under field conditions — Ecology. 



II. Applied or economic botany — science for the sake of man. 

 1. Production of food, etc. — Agriculture. 



A. Field crops and relation of plant to soil — Agronomy. 



B. Soil bacteria — Agricultural Bacteriology. 



C. Plant breeding — Genetics. 



D. Garden and orchard crops — Horticulture. 



E. Plant diseases — Plant Pathology. 



