418 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 



not yet know whether we are climbing the foothills on the way to 

 the top of a known and discoverable peak, whose sure ascent is 

 only a question of time; or whether we are trying to find the gold 

 that lies at the foot of an ever receding rainbow. 



QUESTIONS 



1. Why are chemists, physicists, and astronomers more often vitalists 

 than the biologists? 



2. Why do the biologists become involved in religious controversies more 

 frequently than the physicists and chemists? 



3. What common ground have the mystics and mechanists? Where do 

 they differ? 



4. What place have philosophical discussions in science? 



5. Can one develop his reasoning -power? 



6. What is pragmatism? Why may mechanism be said to have pragmatic 

 value for a biological research worker? 



7. What are the causality and uncertainty principles of modern physics? 

 What is their bearing on the problems discussed in this chapter? 



8. What are the relations between the doctrines of neo-vitalism, holism, and 

 emergent evolution? Are they "mechanistic" or "vitalistic"? 



REFERENCES 



Bayliss, W. M.— Vitalism. Scientia, 31:291, 1922. 



Clark, A. J. — The controversy between determinism and vitalism in biology. 

 The 3rd Lister Lecture. Friends' Quart. Examiner, Jan., 1932. 



Dercum, F. X. — Nonliving and living matter. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 70:1, 

 1931. 



Donnan, F. G.— The mystery of life. Nature, 122:512, 1928. 



Greaves, J. E.— The riddle of life. Sri. Mo., 23:496, 1926. 



Grossman, E. F. — Something about vitalism and mechanism. Sci. Mo., 

 30:541, 1930. 



Harris, D. F. — A defense of philosophic neo-vitalism. Scientia, 35:259, 1924. 



Harris, F. — Physiology and vital force. Nature, 115:608, 1925. 



Hill, A. V. — Application of physical methods to physiology. Sci. Prog., 

 16:79, 1921. 



Lillie, R. — The place of life in nature. Sci. Am. Mo., 3:112, 1921. 



Lipman, C. B.— The origin of life. Sri. Mo., 19:357, 1924. 



MacBride, E. W.— Vitalism. Scientia, 32:13, 1922. 



Mathews, A. P. — The mechanistic conception of life. Scientia, 36:243, 1924. 



Ritter, W. E.— Scientific idealism. Sri. Mo., 13:328, 1921. 



Russell, E. S. — The question of vitalism. Psychobiology. Scientia, 36:169, 

 1924. 



Smuts, J. C. — The scientific world-picture of to-day. Nature, 128:521, 1931. 



Stiles, W. — Vitalism and mechanism from the viewpoint of the plant physiol- 

 ogist. Scientia, 34:307, 1923. 



