84 RESEARCHES ON FUNGI 



and rapidly for long distances from one part of a hypha to another. 

 In one preparation the main central mass of protoplasm moving in 

 one direction and the thin peripheral layer of protoplasm moving in 

 the opposite direction were seen to reverse their directions of move- 

 ment simultaneously at intervals of from one to four minutes. 



The observations on the double flow of protoplasm in certain 

 hyphae of Rhizopus nigricans which have just been recorded con- 

 firm those made by Arthur and Schroter and indicate that Andrews's 

 denial of the occurrence of the peripheral reversed flow of protoplasm 

 was not well based. 



While protoplasmic streaming in the non-septate hyphae of the 

 Phycomycetes is now a well-known phenomenon, few mycologists 

 seem to be aware that very active streaming also takes place in the 

 septate hyphae of certain Ascomycetes. Hitherto, our knowledge 

 of streaming in the Ascomycetes has been based upon brief state- 

 ments made by Woronin, Rothert, Reinhardt, and Kohler and upon 

 the results of a detailed investigation made by Ternetz. 



In 1866, Woronin, 1 in the course of his description of the 

 development of the apothecium of Ascobolus pulcherrimus Cr. 

 (= Lasiobolus pulcherrimus), stated in a few words that, after an 

 anastomosis has been formed between two hyphae, protoplasmic 

 streaming, which is characteristic of the living cells of the mycelium, 

 takes place from one cell to the other through the bridge ; and, in 

 a drawing, he represented the direction of streaming with arrows. 



In 1892, Rothert 2 published the results of his investigations on 

 Sclerotium hydrophilum. In cultures the sclerotia never fruited but 

 gave rise to a mycelium which was septate and without clamp- 

 connexions. A comparison of Rothert's illustrations with my own 

 drawings of the hyphae of Fimetaria fimicola and Pyronema confluens 

 suggests that Sclerotium hydrophilum is of ascomycetous origin with 

 affinities with either the Pyrenomycetes or the Discomycetes. In 

 the course of his studies upon this fungus Rothert noticed proto- 

 plasmic movement in the living cells. He 3 says : "In living cells 



1 M. Woronin, " Entwicklungsgeschichte des Ascobolus pulcherrimus" in de 

 Bary and Woronin's Beitrdge zur Morphologie und Physiologic der Pike, II, 1866, p. 2. 



2 W. Rothert, " Ueber Sclerotium hydrophilum Sacc, einen sporenlosen Pilz," 

 Bot. Zeit., Jahrg. L, 1892, pp. 321-329, el seq. 



3 Ibid., p. 361. 



