THE TRANSLOCATION OF PROTOPLASM 85 



the protoplasm is engaged in continuous gliding (gleitender) move- 

 ment, which does not strike one at once but is very noticeable when 

 one watches continuously. One sees the vacuoles change their 

 form, move from their positions, divide, and melt together. The 

 movements of the protoplasm, which are the cause of all that, are 

 nevertheless so rapid that they make it quite impossible to prepare 

 an exact drawing of a vacuolated cell : in the time required the 

 protoplasm completely changes its configuration." Apparently, 

 Rothert did not observe the passage of the protoplasm from cell to 

 cell. However, after recording that some hyphae lose protoplasm 

 while others which are growing rapidly are full of it, he * suggested 

 that the septa are perforated and that the protoplasm in consequence 

 is able to pass through the septa and to move through the mycelium. 



In 1892, Reinhardt, 2 in the course of his studies of the growth of 

 hyphae of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (his Peziza Sclerotiorum) , observed 

 the passage of protoplasm from one cell to another and described 

 the phenomenon in a few words as follows : " Often one sees that 

 the streaming plasm of a cell of a hypha, on coming to a young 

 septum, does not turn back in its entirety, but certain portions of it, 

 which can be clearly seen, pass through the cell-wall into the next 

 cell ; the passage is by jerks, somewhat like the passage of the 

 gonoplasm of the antheridium of Phytophthora and Pythium 

 through the narrow opening into the egg. This jerky clearly visible 

 passage of protoplasm into a neighbouring cell always takes place 

 in the very middle of the cross- wall." Doubtless moving proto- 

 plasm was streaming from one cell to another through a small pore 

 situated at the centre of each septum. 3 



In 1900, Charlotte Ternetz 4 discovered and investigated proto- 

 plasmic streaming in another Discomycete, Ascophanus carneus. 

 She stated that : the movement is neither a rotation nor a circulation 

 and should be called simply " streaming " ; for the protoplasm 



1 W. Rothert, " Ueber Sclerotium hydrophilum Sacc, einen sporenlosen Pilz," 

 Bot. Zeit., Jahrg. L, 1892, p. 383. 



2 M. O. Reinhardt, " Das Wachsthum der Pilzhyphen," Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot., Bd. 

 XXIII, 1892, p. 562. 



3 In three species of Sclerotinia a small central pore in each septum has actually 

 been observed by Wahrlich and others (vide infra). 



4 Charlotte Ternetz, " Protoplasmabewegung und Fruchtkorperbildung bei 

 Ascophanus carneus," Jahrb. f. iviss. Bot., Bd. XXXV, 1900, pp. 273-312. 



