86 RESEARCHES ON FUNGI 



flows unhindered from one cell to another through the often very 

 numerous cross- walls and from one system of hyphae to another via 

 anastomoses, taking here an acropetal and there a basipetal direction 

 and, under favourable conditions, passing through twenty or more 

 hyphae. She pointed out that, whereas in the hyphae of Mucorineae 

 streaming often takes place in both directions at the same time, in 

 the hyphae of A. carneus streaming is always in one direction only. 

 She was able to induce protoplasmic streaming in hyphae with the 

 help of local applications of 10 per cent, cane-sugar solution, and 

 she came to the conclusion that the movement of the protoplasm is 

 due to differences of osmotic pressure in the cells of the hyphae. 

 She sometimes observed the passage of vacuoles through the cross- 

 walls, but was not able to form a clear conception of the manner in 

 which these walls are perforated. 



By a series of investigations which were made in part before 

 Ternetz's paper appeared and in part afterwards, it has been estab- 

 lished in respect to the mycelium of Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, 

 and Fungi Imperfecti : (1) that each septum is provided with a 

 small central open pore ; (2) that through each pore protoplasm 

 extends from one cell to the next ; and (3) that, consequently, there is 

 protoplasmic continuity between the successive cells of every living 

 hypha or mycelium. These facts have an important bearing on the 

 phenomenon of streaming in septate mycelia and, on this account, 

 the history of their discovery will now be reviewed. 



Between the years 1879 and 1901, through the work of 

 Tangl, 1 Russow, 2 Gardiner, 3 Kienitz-Gerloff, 4 Arthur Meyer, 5 



1 E. Tangl, " Ueber offene Communicationen zwischen den Zellen des Endosperms 

 einiger Samen," Jahrb.f. wiss. Bot., Bd. XII, 1879-1881, pp. 170-189. 



2 E. Russow, " Ueber den Zusammenhang der Protoplasmakorper benachbarter 

 Zellen," Sitzungsber. d. Dorpater Naturf.-Gesell, 1882, pp. 350-389. Cited from 

 Just's Bot. Jahresber. for 1883. 



3 W. Gardiner, " On the Continuity of the Protoplasm through the Walls of 

 Vegetable Cells," Arbeiten des botanischen Instituts in Wiirzburg, herausgegeben von 

 J. Sachs, Leipzig, Bd. Ill, 1888, pp. 52-87. 



4 F. Kienitz-Gerloff, " Die Protoplasmaverbindungen zwischen benachbarten 

 Gewebselementen in der Pflanze," Bot. Ze.it., Jahrg. XLIX, 1891, pp. 1-10, 17-26, 

 33-46, 49-60, 65-74. 



5 A. Meyer, " Das Irrthiimliche der Angaben iiber das Vorkommen dioker 

 Plasmaverbindungen zwischen den Parenchymzellen einiger Filicinen und Angio- 

 spermen," Ber. d. D. bot. Qeaell, Bd. XIV, 1896, pp. 154-158. 



