THE TRANSLOCATION OF PROTOPLASM 91 



protoplasm x ; and then, to cause the septa to swell up, he employed, 

 instead of sulphuric acid, chlor-zinc iodine. For certain fungi he 

 found it necessary to increase the action of the chlor-zinc iodine 

 by warming cautiously " until the production of the first bubbles." 

 An examination of preparations thus treated allowed Wahrlich to 

 observe protoplasmic connexions between adjacent cells in all the 

 fungi which he investigated, with the exception of Oidium lactia. 

 The species in which the connexions were found, as named by 

 Wahrlich, were as follows 2 : 



I. Mucorini : Mucor stolonifer (sometimes in old hyphae 

 which have become septate). 

 II. Ustilagineae : Urocystis Anemones (mycelium) ; Graphiola 

 Phoenicis (between young incompletely developed 

 spores). 



III. Uredineae : Puccinia fusca (mycelium) ; P. graminis and 



P. caricis (mycelium and unripe aecidiospores). 



IV. Agaricineae : Lactarius theiogalus ( +), Russula alutacea 



(+), Omphalia campanella (connexions everywhere 

 splendidly visible), Marasmius rotula (+), M. 



Fig. 49 — cont. 



iodine, washed, and then stained with haematoxylin ; the cross-wall appears 

 as a distinct fold of the second layer ; the walls of the hyphae are unequally 

 thickened. No. 4, hypha from a young mycelium : A, fixed with iodine in 

 potassium iodide ; B, the same hypha treated with chlor-zinc iodine, the 

 cross-wall is much swollen and in its inner part a clear space can be seen ; 

 C, the same hypha stained with haematoxylin after being washed with water, 

 the cross-wall appears as a ring-like fold of the inner (second) membrane-layer. 

 No. 5, hypha from an old mycelium, treated with chlor-zinc iodine ; the cell- 

 walls clearly have a layered structure, and the layers have separated from one 

 another. No. 6, an extremely thin young branch-hypha, after treatment 

 with chlor-zinc iodine. No. 7, Graphiola Phoenicis (? an imperfect fungus) ; 

 a chain of unripe spores, after treatment with chlor-zinc iodine ; between the 

 spores thin protoplasmic connexions can be seen. No. 8, Achorion Schonleinii 

 (a dermatophyte causing favus) ; a branched hypha from a young bouillon 

 culture ; treated with chlor-zinc iodine. No. 9, Botrytis cinerea ; an old 

 mycelial hypha, after treatment with chlor-zinc iodine. No. 10, Sclerotinia 

 Libertiana ; hyphae from the pith of a sclerotium ; A, from a fully developed 

 dry sclerotium ; B, from a young sclerotium ; treated with chlor-zinc iodine. 

 No. 1 1 , Marasmius oreades ; hypha from the pith of the stipe where this passes 

 into the pileus, after treatment with chlor-zinc iodine. From Wahrlich's 

 Zur Anatomie der Zelle bei Pilzen und Fadenalgen. Magnification, 1800. 



1 A. Meyer (vide infra) gives the proportions of iodine, potassium iodide, and 

 water as 3 : 3 : 20. 



2 A (4-) sign after a name indicates that the protoplasmic connexions were 

 somewhat difficult to observe, so that the preparation had to be warmed. 



