TOROSAIRUS LATUS 



131 



The orbit is somewhat oval, with the broadened apex to the rear, and the long axis nearly hori- 

 • il, in contrast to the more nearly circular orbit of gloditlS. The descending limb of the jugal is 

 not entire, but is fairly broad with apparently a low median keel. The infratemporal fossa is small, 

 triangular, with rather straight margins. The anterior free margins of the squamosals are not pre- 

 served, so that the form and depth of the jugal notch are conjectural. 



The nasal horn is small, but equal to that of the average Triceratops, acutely pointed, with 

 the anterior face inclined backward, except toward the extreme summit. Its position relative to the 

 nares is similar to that in Triceratops. The brow horns are large, and hollow for at least half their 

 length; the base is oval in cross-section, with the apex pointing forward. They rise over the 

 posterior half of the orbit which, in turn, underlies the anterior third of the horn. They arise 



EfOC 



■ 



openings 



1/ascu.ia :r- 



c /ianie 



Is 



Fig. 42. Photograph of the visceral surface of the squamosa] of Torosaurus latus, No. 1830, Yale Peabody Museum, 

 showing distribution and relationship between cystic openings, erosion, and vascular channels. The similarity between the 

 pathological conditions in the dinosaur and prehistoric man is of great importance, leading toward the same diagnosis. 



rather close together, and are inclined outward and forward. There is no axial curvature in the pre- 

 served portions, for only about one-third of the left is present, and very little above the base of the 

 right. 



The crest proportions seem slightly broader for their length than in gladius, but this is not 

 reliable. The mid-dorsal region is broadly rounded transversely and with extremely low undula- 

 tions. The crest is smooth, both above and below, and with small marginal undulations. The 

 pseudopineal fontanelle is unique, differing from that of gladius, as well as all Triceratops species, 

 in being paired rather than single. The two apertures are separated by over 3 cm. of bone. From 

 each of these, a wide, shallow groove runs backward and outward to terminate in a larger, elongated 

 aperture which penetrates the crest. 



The preorbital fossa lies between the maxillary and nasal, and is similar in form and size to 

 that of the average Triceratops. 



Examination of the squamosal bone (Text Fig. 42) of Torosaurus latus type, No. 1830 

 Y.P.M., reveals unquestioned evidences of disease. We submitted a photograph of the area 

 involved, and a plaster cast of the openings, to Dr. Roy L. Moodie, who writes as follows: 



"The photograph shows lesions which are identical with lesions found on the skull and skeletal elements of 

 prehistoric Indians from the Channel Islands. There have been four cases of this disease studied from the Indian 

 mounds. In one case there were evidences of seventy-five tumors on the skull alone. Comparisons with recent 

 cases of the dread disease have led me to regard the condition as Multiplr Myeloma, although there are some 

 discrepancies in such a diagnosis. 



"The association of open lesions, depressed areas, called 'erosions,' which are due to pressure atrophy from 

 small tumors of subperiosteal origin and elongated channels, are so strikingly similar in the dinosaur bone (Fig. 

 42) that there would seem to be no doubt of the close relation between the condition in the dinosaur and pre- 

 historic man. 



"The etiology of the disease is uncertain, but recent work in medical laboratories would lend favor to the 

 suggestion that such cystic tumors have to do with a disturbance in the parathyroid. 



