II, 'THE RISE OF SCIENCE IX INDUSTRY 



great centers of industrial activity. Their number and character and size, 

 and their method of operation and their relation to the technical and 

 engineering schools, and the method of their working with the different 

 industries, are all matters which involve many interesting problems — 

 problems which I am sure will be solved as they present themselves and 

 when their nature has been clearly apprehended. 



In the present state of the world's development there is nothing 

 which can do more to advance American industries than the adoption 

 bv our manufacturers generally of industrial research conducted on 

 scientific principles. I am sure that if they can be made to appreciate the 

 force of this statement, our manufacturers will rise to the occasion with 

 all that energy and enterprise so characteristic of America. 



So much has already been said and so much remains to be said urg- 

 ing upon us the importance of scientific research conducted for the sake 

 of utility and for increasing the convenience and comfort of mankind, 

 that there is danger of losing sight of another form of research which 

 has for its primary object none of these things, I refer to pure scientific 

 research. 



In the minds of many there is confusion between industrial scientific 

 research and this purely scientific research, particularly as the industrial 

 research involves the use of advanced scientific methods and calls for 

 the highest degree of scientific attainment. The confusion is worse 

 because the same scientific principles and methods of investigation are 

 frequently employed in each case and even the subject-matter under in- 

 vestigation may sometimes be identical. 



The misunderstanding arises from considering only the subject- 

 matter of the two classes of research. The distinction is to be found not 

 in the subject-matter of the research, but in the motive. The electrical 

 engineer, let us say, finding a new and unexplained difficulty in the 

 working of electric lamps, subjects the phenomenon observed to a proc- 

 ess of inquiry employing scientific methods, with a view to removing 

 from the lamps an objectionable characteristic. The pure scientist at the 

 same time investigates in precisely the same manner the same phenome- 

 non, but with the purpose of obtaining an explanation of a physical oc- 

 currence, the nature of which can not be explained by known facts. 

 Although these two researches are conducted in exactly the same man- 

 ner, the one nevertheless comes under the head of industrial research 

 and the other belongs to the domain of pure science. In the last analysis 

 the distinction between pure scientific research and industrial scientific 

 research is one of motive. Industrial research is always conducted with 

 the purpose of accomplishing some utilitarian end. Pure scientific re- 

 search is conducted with a philosophic purpose, for the discovery of 

 truth, and for the advancement of tfie boundaries of human knowledge. 



The investigator in pure science may be likened to the explorer 

 who discovers new continents or islands or hitherto unknown ter- 

 ritory. He is continually seeking to extend the boundaries of knowl- 

 edge. 



The investigator in industrial research may be compared to the pio- 

 neers who survey the newly discovered territory in the endeavor to 

 locate its mineral resources, determine the extent of its forests, and the 



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