recommending an initial start of $5 million a year extending upwards to 

 perhaps $20 million a year at the end of five years; his Medical Advisory Com- 

 mittee recommending a start of approximately $5 to $7 million annually, with 

 larger sums to follow as the program developed. The Committee urged the 

 need for unrestricted grants, with support of fellowships and projects being 

 of relati\ely less importance in their thinking. 



A striking feature of postwar developments in the Government's support 

 program for medical and health-related sciences has been the rapid rate of 

 increment of funds. This is the result of the deep and continuing interest of 

 the Congress in the progress of medical research. The National Institutes of 

 Health has increased its obligations for research grants alone from $85,000 

 in 1945 (a year when the Bush Report suggests S5 to $7 million) to more 

 than $155 million for grants and contracts in 1959. In addition, of course, the 

 Institutes operate their own intramural research program at the Clinical 

 Center and funds for this were around $45 million for 1959. 



That both organizational recommendations have been met — that is, for a 

 di\'ision of the Foundation and for a separate institutional organization — 

 appears to have been a fortunate turn of affairs. The National Institutes of 

 Health stresses research aimed at the care and cure of diseases, including basic 

 research related to its mission, as defined b\ Executive Order 10512. The 

 National Science Foundation, on the other hand, supports basic research in 

 this area primarily for the purpose of ad\'ancing our knowledge and under- 

 standing of biological and medical fields. With more than one source of 

 funds available from the Federal Government, scientists enjoy the broader 

 base of support that is consistent with American tradition. 



Although the U. S. Public Health Ser\'ice and the National Science 

 Foundation are the principal sources of funds for medical research, mention 

 should also be made of the intramural programs of the Veterans Adminis- 

 tration, the military services, and the medical research programs of the 

 Atomic Energy Commission. 



Military Research 



With the ci\'ilian Office of Scientific Research and Development just 

 bringing to a close its brilliantly successful program of wartime research on 

 weapons and devices of warfare, and problems of military medicine. Dr. 

 Bush felt that a certain amount of long-range scientific research on military 

 problems should continue to be carried on in peacetime b\' a civilian group. 

 Such research would complement research on the improvement of existing 

 weapons which, he felt, could best be done within the militarv establishment. 

 He therefore recommended that the new "National Research Foundation" 

 should include a division of national defense. For this he contemplated a 

 modest level of expenditures of $10 million for the first year, rising to $20 

 million by the end of the fifth year. 



Here again, as in the case of medical research, the situation evolved in a 

 way quite different from that originally visualized by Bush, but which has 

 probably met the substance of his principal recommendations. A division of 

 national defense was stricken from proposed legislation establishing a new 



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