agency largely because the delay had resulted in different measures being 

 taken. The military services, who were well jileased with the civilian re- 

 search performed in the universities under OSRl) sponsorship, continued 

 such arrangements with the unixersities by writing appropriate new contracts 

 to continue the work started under OSRD auspices or to launch entirely new 

 investigations. In ensuing years, many contracts of this type were entered 

 into by the military services with a growing number of universities. The 

 central laboratories originally associated with OSRD contracts, such as the 

 Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, the Radiation Labora- 

 tory at M.LT., and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute 

 of Technology, developed into the research centers, which, though supported 

 by military funds, are operated by civilian scientists under civilian manage- 

 ment. 



In addition to applied research for the solution of immediate problems, the 

 three services gradually expanded their research programs to include grants 

 for basic research — in general related to their missions but often of a very 

 fundamental nature. During the five-year period between the publication of 

 Science, the Endless Frontier and the enactment of the National Science 

 Foundation legislation in 1950, the Navy Department, through its Office of 

 Naval Research (established b\' Congress in 1946) gave generous support to 

 basic research in a wide variety of fields. Later, by order of their respective 

 secretaries, a similar pattern was adopted by the Department of the Army, 

 through its Office of Ordnance Research, and the Air Force, through the Air 

 Force Office of Scientific Research. 



The Bush thesis that "some research on military problems should be con- 

 tinued, in time of peace as well as in war, by civilians independently of the 

 military establishment" has not been adequately tested because of the un- 

 certain character of the peace that has existed since the close of World War II. 



In general, however, it can be said that a substantial number of the Nation's 

 top scientists, both within the Department of Defense and in outside institu- 

 tions, are applying their talents to military problems with imagination and 

 \'igor. 



International Relations in Science 



With their long tradition of effectix'e international cooperation in science, 

 it is not surprising that a group of scientists should urge upon the Government 

 the importance of a vital program for the continuing international exchange 

 of scientific information, through both the medium of scientific literature and 

 active participation in international conferences, symposia, and other forms of 

 international collaboration in science. 



Thus the Committee on Science and the Public Welfare recommended that 

 scientific attaches be appointed to serve in certain selected United States em- 

 bassies. "Such a post, ' observed the Committee, "would appear to be most 

 important in countries such as Russia, where a great deal, if not all, of the 

 scientific activity is controlled or directed by the government and where other 

 channels of scientific communication have been greatly restricted for several 



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