refractory conditions will be made, 

 perhaps unexpectedly, iis the result 

 of fundamental discoveries in fields 

 unrelated to these diseases. 



To discover is to "obtain for the 

 first time sight or knowledge of some 

 fact or principle hitherto unknown." 

 Discovery cannot be achieved by di- 

 rective. Further progress requires that 

 the entire field of medicine and the 

 underlying sciences of chemistry, 

 physics, anatomy, biochemistry, physi- 

 ology, pharmacology, bacteriology, 

 pathology, parasitology, etc., be de- 

 veloped impartially. 



6. The Place of Medical Schools 

 and Universities in Medical 

 Research 



The medical schools and universi- 

 ties of this country can contribute to 

 medical progress by carrying on re- 

 search to the limit of available facili- 

 ties and personnel, and by training 

 competent investigators for an en- 

 larged program in the future. 



In some cases coordinated direct 

 attacks will be made on special prob- 

 lems by teams of investigators from 

 the medical schools, supplementing 

 similar direct attacks carried on by 

 the Army, Navy, Public Health Serv- 

 ice, and other organizations. How- 

 ever, the main obligation of the 

 medical schools and universities, in 

 addition to teaching, will be to con- 

 tinue the traditional function of these 

 institutions — that of providing the in- 

 dividual worker with an opportunity 

 for the voluntary and untrammeled 

 study in the directions and by the 

 methods suggested by his imagination 

 and curiosity. The entire history of 

 science bears testimony to the su- 

 preme importance of affording the 

 prepared mind complete freedom for 

 the exercise of initiative. The special 



duty and privilege of the medical 

 schools and universities is to foster 

 medical research in this way, and this 

 duty cannot be shifted to Govern- 

 ment agencies, industrial organiza- 

 tions, or any other institutions. 



Because of their close relationship 

 to teaching hospitals, the medical 

 schools are in a unique position to 

 integrate clinical investigation with 

 the work of the departments of pre- 

 clinical science, and to impart new 

 knowledge to physicians in training. 

 Conversely, the teaching hospitals are 

 especially well organized to carry on 

 medical research because of their 

 close relationship to the schools, on 

 which they depend for staff and 

 supervision. 



Not all our medical schools are 

 equally developed. Because of inade- 

 quate financial support or lack of 

 trained personnel, some of them can 

 contribute little to medical research. 

 A great increase in the resources of 

 the Nation would be achieved by 

 stimulating research in these less fa- 

 vored schools. It is imperative that 

 we employ all possible methods of 

 improving the research facilities and 

 research staffs of our present medical 

 schools before considering the estab- 

 lishment of new institutions. 



7. Medical Research Under State 

 Sponsorship in Great Britain 



Although Federal aid for medical 

 research was brought about in the 

 United States largely under pressure 

 of war, Government support of re- 

 search has been general in Europe 

 for many years. As a rule this support 

 has been delegated to organizations 

 separate from the ordinary Govern- 

 ment bureaus in order to remove it 

 as far as possible from political influ- 

 ence and to place the administration 



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