Oil the format'ton of the Elm, Beech, JVilloir, Alder, Ehony, Box, 

 and Lime-tree, tcith an explanation of the manner in ivhich Pipe- 

 staves for making Cafks are prepared from Oali-timber. 



J. HE formation of the Elm is reprefented in Plate "Kl. fig. 1. AB 

 C D, and the fize of the piece of wood here magnified, when viewed 

 by the naked eye, is fliewn at letter E ; this figure alfo contains as 

 much as the tree encreafed in fize in the fpace of one year; AB 

 and C D, denote the places where, in autumn, the growth ceafed. 



The fmall perpendicular or afcending vefl'els which lie in great 

 numbers intermixed among the large ones, are lets in this wood 

 than in the Oak, and moreover, each of thefe fmall tubes or veflels is 

 compofed of tougher and thicker membranes than thofe in the Oak. 



At A B and C D are fliewn the horizontal vellels lying length- 

 wife. 



Fig. 2, FFFF, exhibits the horizontal velTels cut tranfverfely ; 

 fuch of them as appear collecled in fmall parcels, I take to be thofe 

 which are beginning to be formed from the perpendicular veflels ; 

 and, that thofe which are collected together in great numbers, are 

 the produce of feveral years growth, and contain as great a number 

 as ever would be formed in the future growth of the tree. 



G G G G, fliew the very fmall perpendicular veflels lengthwife. 

 H H reprefents one of the larger perpendicular veflels cut lengthwife 

 down the middle. Upon a moi'e accurate examination of thefe, we 

 fliall perceive them to be compofed of exceedingly thin membranes, 

 covered with filaments twifled in a ferpentine form, and having the 

 appearance of dark fpots and tubercles or rifings, as at^^. 3, B. 



Among this fpecies of tree, we often fee fome, from which, at the 



A 



