THE ALLIES OF THE SQUIRREL 429 



the most intelligent. All these monkeys lead a more or less 

 arboreal life and build nests in trees, where the young are 

 produced. 



That man belongs zoologically in the same group with 

 the monkeys is now universally admitted, for in the struc- 

 tural characters upon which classification largely depends, 

 as Professor Huxley pointed out many years ago, he differs 

 less from the apes, which resemble him most, than they do 

 from other monkeys. The principal anatomical characters 

 are the possession of a relatively larger brain case and less- 

 developed canine teeth, the adaptation of the vertebral 

 column to an erect posture, the greater length of the lower 

 as compared with the upper extremities, and absence of 

 the power to oppose the great toe to the other toes. The 

 similarity between man and the apes does not mean that 

 man has descended from the apes. In fact through various 

 discoveries of fossil apes and fossil man we have considerable 

 knowledge about what each was like in past ages. We like- 

 wise know that there was a time when neither apes nor 

 man existed on the earth. Before either of these animals 

 came into existence there were other animals which were 

 neither ape nor man but the common ancestor of both. In 

 view of these facts it is no more nearly true to say that man 

 came from apes than to say that apes came from man. 

 Neither came from the other. 



Intelligence of Mammals. There are many who ascribe 

 to the birds and to the mammals Jbelow man mental attri- 

 butes, including a power of reasoning, differing from the 

 attributes of man not in kind but in degree. 



In the past few years there have been many students 

 working on the problem of intelligence in the lower animals. 

 In the earlier period of this study emphasis was placed upon 

 the attempt to discover whether animals below man really 

 have intelligence, or are simply machines reacting in a 



