BROUSSEAU: MYA REPRODUCTION AND RECRUITMENT 



1976). Consequently, long-term stability of the re- 

 source is endangered by present harvesting prac- 

 tices which reduce the normal 10-12 yr lifespan of 

 M. arenaria to 2 yr. Revision of existing regula- 

 tions to include protection of sufficient breeding 

 stock may be an effective way of insuring the 

 long-term stability of the resource and minimizing 

 the harmful effects of human predation. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



I thank D. Fairbairn, D. C. Edwards, and C. J. 

 Berg for critically reviewing this manuscript and 

 providing useful comments and suggestions; 

 Robert Knowles for technical assistance in the 

 field; and the staff of the University of Mas- 

 sachusetts Marine Station who provided me with 

 laboratory space and logistic support. 



LITERATURE CITED 



Ansell, a. D., K. F. Lander, J. Coughlan, and F. a. Loos- 

 more. 



1964. Studies on the hard-shell clam, Venus mercenaria, 

 in British waters. I. Growth and reproduction in natural 

 and experimental colonies. J. Appl. Ecol. 1:63-82. 



Battle, H. 1. 



1932. Rhythmic sexual maturity and spawning of certain 



bivalve mollusks. Contrib. Can. Biol. Fish., New Ser. 



7:255-276. 

 Belding, D. L. 



1930. The soft-shelled clam fishery of Massachusetts. 



Commonw. Mass. Dep. Conserv., Div. Fish Game, Mar. 



Fish. Ser. 1, 65 p. 



Brooks, W. k. 



1880. The development of the oyster. Contrib. 

 Chesapeake Zool. Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. N. rV:l-115. 

 BROUSSEAU, D. J. 



1976. Life history parameters of Mya arenaria (Pel- 

 ecypoda: Mollusca) and the population consequences. 

 Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, 151 p. 

 Calabrese, a. 



1970. Reproductive cycle of the coot clam, Mulinia lat- 

 eralis (Say), in Long Island Sound. Veliger 12:265-269. 

 CARRIKER, M. R. 



1961. Interrelation of functional morphology, behavior, 

 and autecology in early stages of the bivalve Mercenaria 

 mercenaria. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 77:168-241. 

 Cassie, R. M. 



1954. Some uses of probability paper in the analysis of size 

 frequency distributions. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 

 5:513-522. 



Chase, j. 



1965-73. Oceanographic observations along the east coast 

 of the United States (1963-1971). U.S. Coast Guard 

 OceEinogr. Unit, Wash., D.C. 



Churchill, E. P., Jr. 



1920. The oyster and the oyster industry of the Atlantic 

 and Gulf coasts. Rep. U.S. Comm. Fish. 1919, Append. 8, 

 51 p. (Doc. 890.) 



COE, W. R., and H. J. TURNER, JR. 



1938. Development of the gonads and gametes in the soft- 

 shell clam (Mya arenaria). J. Morphol. 62:91-111. 



Davis, H. C, and P. E. Chanley. 



1956. Spawning and egg production of oysters and clams. 



Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 110:117-128. 

 Galtsoff, p. S. 



1930. The fecundity of the oyster. Science (Wash., D.C.) 



72:97-98. 



1964. The American oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gme- 

 lin. U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 64, 480 p. 



GlESE, A. C. 



1959. Comparative physiology: annual reproductive cy- 

 cles of marine invertebrates. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 

 21:547-576. 



Harding, J. P. 



1949. The use of probability paper for the graphical 

 analysis of polymodal frequency distributions. J. Mar. 

 Biol. Assoc. U.K. 28:141-153. 



HUGHES, R. N. 



1970. Population dynamics of the bivalve Scrobicularia 

 plana (Da Costa) on an intertidal mud-flat in North 

 Wales. J. Anim. Ecol. 39:333-356. 

 HUMASON, G. L. 



1967. Animal tissue techniques. 2ded. W. H. Freeman Co., 

 San Franc, 569 p. 



Jerome, W. C, A. P. Chesmore, and C. O. Anderson. 



1968. A study of the marine resources of the Annisquam 

 River-Gloucester Harbor coastal system. Mass. Dep. 

 Nat. Resour., Div. Mar. Fish., Monogr. Ser. 8, 62 p. 



Johnson, R. G. 



1965. Temperature variation in the infaunal environment 

 of a sand flat. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10:114-120. 



Keck, R. T., D. Maurer, and H. Lind. 



1975. A comparative study of the hard clam gonad de- 

 velopmental cycle. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 148:243- 

 258. 

 Kellogg, J. L. 



1905. rV. Conditions giveming existence and growth of 

 the soft shell clam {Mya arenaria). Rep. U.S. Fish 

 Comm. 29:195-224. 

 KlNNE, O. 



1963. The effects of temperature and salinity on marine 

 £md brackish water animals. I. Temperature. Oceanogr. 

 Mar. Biol., Annu. Rev. 1:301-340. 



Landers, W. S. 



1954. Seasonal abundance of clam larvae in Rhode Island 



waters, 1950-52. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep. 



Fish. 117, 29 p. 

 Loosanoff, v. L. 



1937a. Seasonal gonadal changes of adult clams, Venus 



mercenaria. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 72:406-416. 

 1937b. Development of the primary gonad and sexual 



phases in Venus mercenaria Linnaeus. Biol. Bull. 



(Woods Hole) 72:389-405. 



Loosanoff, V. L., and H. C. Davis. 



1950. Spawning of oysters at low temperatures. Science 

 (Wash., D.C.) 111:521-522. 



1963. Rearing of bivalve molluscs. Adv. Mar. Biol. 1:1- 

 136. 

 Mead, a. D., and E. W. Barnes. 



1903. Observations on the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria 

 (4th paper). R.I. Comm. Inland Fish., 22d. Annu. Rep., p. 

 29-46. 



165 



