202 A SPRING TOUR IX PORTUGAL. 



of keeping in separate flocks, and not associating with its 

 commoner relative ; and this I was assured, on repeated 

 enquiry, was its universal custom. 



lOG. *Fkegilus graculus (Linn.), ' Chough.' 



107. *rREGiLUS pyRRiiocORAX (Linn.), * Alpine Chough.' 



I feel compelled to speak with a certain degree of doubt as 

 to the last of these two species — though, when wandering 

 with my gun, as I did for several days amidst the rocky 

 heights above Cintra, 2,000 feet above the sea, and looking 

 doAvn on the broad Atlantic and the mouth of the Tagus, 

 I fell in with several parties of Choughs, some of wdiich w^ere 

 unmistakably distinguishable as the common Chough by the 

 vermilion colour of their beaks ; and others appeared to me, 

 as I watched them through the glass, to belong to the Alpine 

 species ; at all events, botli are known to inhabit Portugal. 



108. *CoRVUS CORAX (Linn.), ' Eaven,' Corvo. 



109. f CoRVUS CORONE (Linn.), ' Carrion Crow,' Gralha. 



110. *CoRVUS FRUGiLEGUS (Linn.), ' Eook,' Gralha. 



These are all common. Eavens are especially abundant 

 on the extensive heaths, hunting over the low bushes, and 

 searching for Ibod. I never met with C. cornix. 



111. fCoRVUS MONEDULA (Linn.), 'Jackdaw.' 



By no means abundant, and I scarcely think common. 



I could learn nothing of C. monedula-nigra ; supposing 

 such a species to exist, which I very much doubt : at any rate, 

 in this country, supposed to be one of the strongholds of the 

 bird, the very name seems wdiolly imknown. Surely, it is 

 but a variety of our common species. 



112. *PiCA MELANOLEUCA (Vicill.), ' Magpie,' Pega. 



Common everywhere. 



113. fCYAXopiCA cooKi (Bonap.), 'Azure-winged Magpie,' Ba- 



hilougo. 

 This beautiful bird was the Hiiof pri'/e T j roposod to my- 

 self to procure before I started for PorLiigal, as I fondly 



