274 Seventeenth Annuae Report of the 



up into a soft mortar, large numbers receive this infected matter 

 between their Iocs, where it dries up and causes abrasions, if 

 wounds were nut already present in the interdigital space. Every 

 herd into which one such infected animal passes is doomed to con- 

 tract the disease, and many that follow them on the highway, or 

 the diseased animals that brought the affection to the enclosure, 

 are equally doomed. The concentration of large bodies of butcher- 

 animals in case of hostilities or active trading has been already 

 quoted as a most prolific cause. In our modern cattle trade, cover- 

 ing long transit by rail or boat, the cars or steamers are liable to 

 become contaminated and, in the absence of a thorough system of 

 general disinfection, they for a considerable time infect all ani- 

 mals loaded upon them. The same is true of stock yards, chutes, 

 alleyways, loading banks, hog and sheep houses and pens, drove 

 roads, dealers' stables and yards, ambulances, trucks and wagons, 

 used in the conveyance of animals. 



Articles in use on ruminants and swine are common infection 

 bearers. Cattle on the sea voyage from America to Europe have 

 often been infected by the straps previously used on European 

 cattle on some former voyage, and when these cattle are landed, 

 passed back on board the ship and sent to America. In the same 

 way, covers, clothing, sponges, wash-cloths, cloth rubbers, scrapers, 

 halters, hull rings, poles, ropes, lariats, sheep crooks, hog catchers, 

 forks, shovels, scoops, buckets, pails and other articles used on 

 herd after herd, are liable to convey the disease. Less common 

 means of conveyance are curry combs, cards, brushes, veterinary 

 and butchers' implements, milking machines, anti-kicking con- 

 trivances, grain bags, etc. 



The alimentary and other products, milk, butter, cheese, etc., 

 of infected animals, have been frequent means of infection in new 

 localities. 



The warm milk, when drunk experimentally, infected Hertwig 

 and two veterinary students in Berlin in 1834. Feeding the milk 

 to hogs, dogs and poultry has frequently infected them. Butter 

 and cheese sent to German cities have infected the consumers. 

 The unsalted carcass of a diseased animal, or kitchen or butcher 

 scraps thereof fed in the raw condition to a susceptible pig could 

 hardly fail to produce the disease. 



