88 NINTH REPORT. 



FLORA OF THE MARQUETTE QUADRANGLE. 



Alfred Dachnowski. 



Introduction and itinerary. — Two ways are generally recognized today 

 as affording a method of advancing our knowledge of'the flora of a state, viz.: 

 The statistical and the experimental physiological. The latter necessitates 

 much time and patient labor for investigations in degree of resistance in plants 

 to prolonged drouth, excessive moisture, light, in variation, adaptation, etc., 

 and the former involves, aside from mere collections of plants, a general 

 study of meteorology, physiography, and soil conditions in their relation to 

 plant life, and a comparison of the statistics of successive periods of time. As 

 a first step the floristic investigation is indispensable; and the important bear- 

 ing which a collection from the Upper Peninsula would have on problems con- 

 nected with the general ecological survey and the natural history of Michigan, 

 is therefore easily seen. To convey a correct impression of the distribution 

 of plants or animals, or to further at all our knowledge on the question of the 

 specific conditions giving rise to the diversity, it is absolutely essential to 

 obtain lists of collections of the life forms in the different sections of the state. 

 Indeed, a local floral list accjuires interest and importance only when com- 

 pared with lists and habitats of adjacent regions. 



One of the earliest attempts in this direction was made by W. A. Burt, 

 who, in 1846, collected in the then primitive region south of Lake Superior, 

 and prepared a catalogue of the plants. As early as 1830-1838, collections 

 of the flora of LTpper Michigan ^^^ere made, and together with those of Mr. 

 F. E. Woods and other collectors of a later date were deposited in the Her- 

 barium of the Botanical Department of tfie University of Michigan. Per- 

 haps the most extensive collection is that of Mr. Farwell at Keweenaw Point. 

 Casual references to individual and distinct genera have occasionally appeared 

 but as yet no account of the collections as a whole has been published, nor 

 have notes been collected to indicate topographic and general vegetational 

 features. The paper of Whitford (17), and more recently the able work of 

 Mr. Adams (1), and his assistants, and notably that of Dr. C. A. Davis (9) 

 are of special importance in this connection. It is gratifying to know that 

 the additions to statistics hereafter will be made in a manner which shall give 

 us the best results possible, i. e., they will be sufficiently accurate, not only 

 for the needs of the ecologist, but also to the demands of agricultural and 

 industrial interests. For it is needless to emphasize that the collection of 

 statistical and ecological data should be looked upon not as ends but means, 

 not as establishing an expensive precedent, but rather as a temporary device 

 to be managed also in the interests of forest and crop studies. 



Through the educational solicitude and the public-spirited generosity of 

 the Hon. Peter White of Marquette, and Mr. Bryant Walker of Detroit, fa- 

 cilities for renewed collections of records and material were made possible, and 

 accordingly, I was directed by Prof. F. C. Newcombe to accompany Dr. C. 

 A. Davis of the State Geological Survey, and to make as thorough a floristic 

 reconnoisance of a northern locality as time and circumstances would per- 

 mit. Since the headquarters of Dr. Davis was at Marquette, Mich., it was 

 decided to use the Marquette Quadrangle^ a topographic map of which has 



