Proceedings of Seventeenth Normal Institute 279 



Notes. — Located about 1.5 miles from railroad, milk station and city. 

 Soil and climate good for general crops, especially beans. Good apple con- 

 ditions though not best. Orchard was on farm when owner bought. Land 

 value about $100 per acre. Forty-five acres of creek bottom suitable only for 

 pasture. Cows and sheep kept to utilize this and to consume roughage. 

 Some sheep instead of all cows probably kept because of abundance of bean 

 roughage and to have less chore work in summer when crop work is pressing. 

 Cropping system provided, first, silage for corn and grain for horses, then, 

 best crops for region in satisfactory rotations. Two rotations: 1. Corn and 

 potatoes on clover sod, beans and spring grains, wheat, clover. 2. Beans on 

 clover sod, wheat, clover. Alfalfa down as long as good. Doubtful if organiza- 

 tion or system could be improved. 



1913 Record. Delaware Couxty, X. Y., General Farm 

 Labor Income $2,359 



Size of business. — ^ Sixty-four acres in crops: 55 hay, 5 alfalfa, 3 oat hay, 

 1 apples. Two hundred and twenty-five acres pastured, including 40 woods. 

 Fifty cows, 14 young cattle. 



Diversity. — No per cent receipts from crops. Two important receipts : 

 milk $6,146, cattle $393. One and one-tenth acres of crops per animal unit. 



Production. — Crop yields: hay 1.5, alfalfa 2, oat hay 1. One hundred and 

 twenty-three dollars receipts per cow. 



Labor. — One year man, one 6 months, wife milks = 3 men. Twenty-one 

 acres crops per man. Twenty animal units per man. Twenty-one acres crops 

 per horse. 



Notes. — Land value about $60. Located in narrow valley with large pro- 

 portion of land suited only to pasture and woods. Adjoins village, railroad 

 and milk station. Milk prices averaged about $1.85 per cwt. Growing season 

 very short. Compelled to keep large dairy — no alternative for most of the 

 farms of that region. Fifty cows and young stock not too many for pasture. 

 This required 3 to 4 milkers. Only 64 acres available for crops which was 

 not enough to keep 3 or 4 men busy between milking, so wife milked regularly. 

 Problem in cropping system was to supply roughage for stock. No land for 

 grain at all — not even for silage. Grain bill $2,258, bedding $80. Since the 

 business was entirely dairy, it was vital that the cows be good. High receipts 

 per cow on 50 cows handled as efficiently as conditions permitted resulted in 

 a good labor income. Good organization is impossible under such conditions. 

 The problem is to approach the ideal as near as possible. 



1913 Record. Cortland County, N. Y., Farm 

 Labor Income $4,458 



Size of business. — Eighty-five acres in crops: 15 silage, 3 potatoes, 10 cab- 

 bage, 12 oats, 2 peas, 3 millet, 40 hay. One hundred acres pastured, including 

 25 in woods. Twenty-six cows, 15 young cattle. 



Diversity. — ■ Thirty-five per cent of receipts from crops. Four important 

 receipts: cattle $2,600, milk $2,400, cabbage $1,800, hay $547. Two and one- 

 tenth acres of crops per animal unit. 



Production. — Crop yields: silage 10, potatoes 200, cabbage 12, oats 45, 

 hay 2. Ninety-two dollars receipts per cow. 



