New York Ageicultueal Experiment Station. 581 



next away from them. After plowing, a spring-tooth harrow was 

 used, though if the cover crop were heavy the plow was followed 

 by a disc harrow. In 1913 the wheat was disced before and after 

 plowing with good results. Horse-hoeing followed harrowing and 

 was done considerably earlier than is the usual practice. After 

 horse-hoeing the section was thoroughly hand-hoed. From this 

 time on until time for sowing the cover crop the vineyard was 

 harrowed about every ten days, depending upon the frequency of 

 heavy rains. The aim was to keep a dust mulch throughout the 

 growing season. Just before the last cultivation, a ridge was thrown 

 up to the vines by the horse-hoe with the blade reversed. 



PRUNING AND TRAINING. 



The Chautauqua System of training, common to the Chautauqua 

 Belt, was used throughout this experiment. The method is described 

 in Circular No. 16 from this Station. The same man has done the 

 pruning during the five seasons. He was instructed to disregard 

 differences in plat treatment and to prune solely according to the 

 vigor of each vine. If a vine had made a good growth of well ripened 

 wood, it was pruned to four canes; if but fair growth, it was pruned 

 to two or three canes; but if the growth was poor all fruiting wood 

 for the succeeding crop was cut away. In certain years, as every 

 grape-grower knows, the wood is " short-jointed " and in others 

 " long-jointed " or medium. In the years of " short-jointed " 

 wood fewer canes per vine have been reserved for fruiting. If the 

 internodes were long, the number of canes was increased. Pruning 

 was done as soon as the leaves were off and the weight of the wood 

 from each plat was taken as the work progressed. 



SPRAYING. 



The number of times the vineyard was sprayed was determined 

 by the prevalence of insects and fungi. All plats were sprayed alike. 

 The principal insects combated were the grape root-worm and the 

 grape leaf -hopper. Powdery mildew was the only fungus requiring 

 treatment. Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead were the 

 materials used for the root-worm and the powdery mildew, while 

 " Black Leaf " tobacco extract was used for the grape leaf -hopper. 



