404 Report of the Horticulturist of the 



against the case-bearers, bud moth, canker worm, codling moth 

 and other injurious insects. The combined treatment advocated 

 for scab, leaf-spot, canker disease, codling .moth, canker worms, 

 and various other insects is given on page 417. As there stated, 

 the scab may generally be controlled by three applications of the 

 Bordeaux mixture if made at the proper time, and very thor- 

 oughly. Where but three treatments are given, the first spray- 

 ing should be made after the buds break but before the blossoms 

 open ; the second, just after the blossoms fall ; and the third, from 

 ten to fourteen days after the second. 



Wintei- treatment for apple scab. — Spraying for apple scab 

 while the buds are dormant has not been found profitable. The 

 later treatments advocated above must be made in order to control 

 the disease. When these are made the winter treatment does not 

 bring sufficient additional benefit to justify the expense of making 

 it against the scab alone, but it may pay when directed also 

 against the canker disease and combined with some application 

 which must be made against insects such as case-bearers or bud 

 moth. 



It is known that the scab fungus lives during winter on the 

 fallen leaves and in the spring produces spores by means of which 

 it spreads to the new foliage. Probably it may exist during win- 

 ter to some extent on the bark of young twigs, also. Granting 

 that this is the case and that a large part of the fungus on the 

 tree is killed by winter treatment, which is improbable, it is evi- 

 dent that when the new foliage appears it must be covered with 

 some fungicide to protect it from the spores produced on the fallen 

 leaves. The fruit grower should direct his efforts toward prevent- 

 ing the germination of the fungus spores on the foliage, rather 

 than attempt to kill the fungus in winter quarters. The Bordeaux 

 mixture treatment is a preventive rather than a cure. 



SCALD. 



Stored fruit of some varieties of apples, notably Rhode Island 

 Greening, sometimes becomes discolored and presents an appear- 



