REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST 189 



SESSIONAL PAPER No. 16 



Trees treated with lime and sulphur bore very heavily, much more so than trees treated 

 with any other remedy. It is the most effective spray and the cheapest, and with a 

 steam boiling plant, the most easily procured. From the best information I can get, 

 long boiling is important, and this enhances the value of the steam process. Where 

 this wash was tried by the farmers, it is highly spoken of, and will be used much more 

 extensively next spring. The eflbct on the trees is fine, and the crop of fruit has been 

 good in all cases where it was used. To be able to treat badly affected trees whenever 

 they are found in summer is greatly appreciated by those who are making an honest 

 effort to control the scale. 



' Kerosene enmlsion used in the proportion of 1 gallon of kerosene in 6 of emulsion 

 for apple, pear and plum, and 1 in 7 for peach, applied in dry hot weather, has just 

 about cleaned trees that were very badly aflccted. This really looks as though kerosene 

 eniulsion were all that is required to control the scale. I much prefer to use kerosene 

 emulsion when it is perfectly fresh, that is, newly made, and to have the soap and water 

 actually boiling when it is thrown in on the oil to emulsify it. The lower grade of Can- 

 adian kerosene has served the purpose best. Use kerosene emulsion always in dry hot 

 weather and not at all in winter. 



' I like fumigation for trees of moderate size. The effect is complete if the work is 

 done in moderate weather with gas of normal strength, that is \ gramme of cyanide to 

 the cubic foot inclosed — exposure 45 minutes ; but this strength does not appear to be 

 sufficient during low temperatures. One-tenth of a gramme with an exposure of 30 

 minutes, and one-seventh of a gramme with an exposure of 20 minutes apparently did 

 perfect work in July in the day time without injuring peach foliage. The experiments 

 in fumigation were not carried to any great length, and, although they were carefully 

 watched duplicates might show differently. They are very satisfactory, however, to me.' 



GrEOnGE E. FiSHEU. 



I have given the above report in full because I know of no one in America who has 

 done more experimenting with the San Jose Scale than Mr. Fisher. I have had the 

 privilege of inspecting his work frequently during the last three years, and have perfect 

 confidence in his extreme care and great perseverance in solving any difficulties which 

 may arise, either in his own active mind, or in the minds of any of the fruit growers in 

 whose orchards he has worked. Mr. Fisher is a practical and successful fruit grower, 

 a good mechanic and altogether one well suited to carry out the complicated and very 

 varied experiments which he has done for the Ontario Government since his appointment. 

 The results obtained are very satisfactory and may be summarized as follows : — 



The San Jose Scale is an insect capable of more injury to orchards than any other 

 we know of. It is extremely difficult to control with the greatest care, but with the 

 necessary care trees may be kept in a thrifty and beai'ing condition without undue 

 expense. This may be done with the following remedies : — 



1. The ordinary kerosene emulsion, two treatments during the summer — an extra 

 one may advantageously be applied in May just before the foliage is so thick that it is 

 difficult to reach all parts of the tree — the first summer spraying in the middle of June, 

 and the second one after the fruit is picked. Mr. Fisher says : ' Emulsions should 

 always be used in clear weather, particularly kerosene emulsion, which gives much the 

 best results when applied on warm, bright, airy days. A rather coarse nozzle is best for 

 spraying trees in leaf, for the heavy spray fi'om it splashes off the foliage and penetrates 

 to the wood. The emulsions will probably not do more than afford temporary relief, 

 but they will reduce the infestation well below the danger point and carry the trees 

 safely into winter. This must be followed in the winter or spring by a thorough general 

 spraying with lime and sulphur, which may be expected to work an almost perfect cure. 

 In our experiments the results from this latter mixture after standing all the summer, 

 are almost complete. Some trees on which it is difficult to find living scales, were before 

 treatment heavily infest<;d.' 



2. Whale-oil Soap. — The potash fish oil soaps sold under the name of Whale-oil 

 Soap are excellent insecticides and, when used of the strength of 2i lbs, of soap to 

 the Imperial gallon, have done very efficient work in clearing trees of the San 



