366 Bureau of Farmers' Institutes. 



This stable, shown as fig. 2, is built of wood. I am unalterably 

 opposed to stone or concrete stable walls, unless furrowed out 

 and ceiled. Narrow, matched lumber, one thickness inside and 

 outside, with a thickness of building paper and cheap boards be- 

 tween, providing two tight walls and an air chamber. It is also 

 ceiled overhead. The height, nine feet; width of barn, 36 feet. 

 Two rows of cows, heads out, are thus secured — as previously 

 mentioned, this secures about 500 cubic feet per cow. I might add 

 that the same lumber put on to form an air space, makes a much 

 more satisfactory side wall than double boards placed tightly to- 

 gether. 



\Ye have mentioned warmth first, but probably, from a health- 

 ful standpoint, the direct sun's rays would be as important. Dr. 

 Law gives the death-dealing effect of the sun's rays on tuberculosis 

 germs. It is commonly known that sunlight, direct, has a magic 

 effect in destroying many disease germs, and altogether a health- 

 giving tonic effect to man and beast. A careful study of cattle 

 barns over quite a stretch of territory, shows how generally this 

 important feature has been ignored. They are built with little 

 or no regard to points of compass, and what is worse, perhaps, the 

 amount of window surface is so meager that one finds it difficult 

 to make careful observation- I am unable to explain the reason 

 for such neglect. 



By reference again to fig. 2 we see that with the southern and 

 western exposure, the direct rays of sun come in contact with the 

 animals from sunrise till sunset, with the exception of about two 

 hours at midday, when the more nearly vertical rays cannot reach 

 the opposite side. One square foot of window space to each 15 

 cubic feet of air space does fairly well. Radiation of heat at 

 night is easily prevented by using a curtain, to be drawn in the 

 morning. 



Farmers, let ua fake this matter into our own hands and not 

 wait until the Legislature demands this hygienic provision. 



Prof. F. H. King of Wisconsin, has given the question of venti- 

 lation much attention, and to him really we are indebted for sys- 

 tematically working out and diffusing a system that ventilates. 

 The tubes are always right end up and when built with tight walls 

 do not fail constantly to provide pure air. Most ventilation pro- 

 ceeds from the upper part of the room because it is more easily 

 effected therefrom. The warm, dry air which we need is found in 

 the upper strata, the foul, damp air below. The smallest crack in 

 the ceiling dues its work faithfully in lowering the temperature, 

 but not in taking out moisture and carbonic aeid gas. 



