INDIANA HOKTICIJLTUEAL SOCIETY, 249 



conditions of the weather, of rain shortly after spraying, and so on; rains 

 may make it necessary to spray again before long. 



As to controlling the second brood, it is a more difficult task. After 

 the apples are as large as hickory nuts, the spray falls off, and it is im- 

 possible, almost, to get enough poison to adhere. The second brood is not 

 so particular where it enters the fruit. The first enters at the blossom end, 

 but the second may enter at any place; wherever something leaves a place, 

 it makes use of that place of access to the fruit. 



As to pruning, the young trees should be carefully pruned, leaving, in 

 the first place, enough branches to form a good head in four or five years 

 in the case of the apple, and possibly more in the case of the pear. The 

 growth should be headed off a little each year, to make a better build. 

 The top ought to be left somewhat open, and not too many main branches 

 left. In our trial orchards at South Haven we have fo'md, as the trees 

 become older, we had to remove the large branches in many cases, which 

 is not good for the trees. If this pruning is continually kept up It will not 

 be very difficult, ordinarily, to trim an orchard in the spring. In trim- 

 ming an orchard it is well to avoid removing large branches as much as 

 possible, but Avhere it becomes necessary, as it does sometimes, that large 

 branches should be removed, with s}, view of healing over as quickly as 

 possible, I believe it is well to cut close to the body of the tree, leaving 

 a larger wound at first. Where a stump is left, in trimming an old 

 orchard, disease is apt to take place and shorten the life of the tree; 

 but where cut down close to the main branch or trunk it leaves a large 

 scar, ordinarily, but it will heal over sooner, and, as Professor Bailey says, 

 you will not have a monument left there in memory of the branch. 



I thank you for your attention. 



DISCUSSION. 



Mr. Hobbs: The discussion of this topic is now in order. We shall 



have a short time for discussion, and I hope that there will be the greatest 



freedom used in asking questions, both by experienced and inexperienced. 



% TIae only limitations there will be to these discussions will be that of 



time, and if you wander from the text you may expect to be recalled. 



Mr. Rupel: I would like to ask, is a three or four-year-old Spy not 

 a pretty old tree to tackle? 



Professor Fulton: I might better have said a well-grown Spy. It 

 usually takes about tv,'o years to grow in a nursery, and perhaps I might 

 better have said a well-grown Spy. 



Mr. Rupel: I think one-year wood preferable. 



Professor Fulton: That is all right, if one prefers it. 



