354 BOAKD OF AGRICULTUEiE. 



have with the Canada peas or buckwheat is a larger growth. I have 

 used quite a good deal of winter rye, and that malies a good growth. I 

 usually sow a clover crop first of August. My intention is to keep the 

 surface level during the season. I like to throw the furrows towards 

 the trees. 



Mr. : Do you plow around each row or do you throw dirt 



to one row and away from another? 



Professor Beach: I plow towards the tree on both sides of the tree 

 and throw furrows towards the tree, and in spring throw it back. In the 

 fall plow the latter part of October or November to keep the surface 

 water away from trees. I do not plow the whole surface. 



Mr. Flick: We always cultivate young trees until they begin to bear, 

 then I would continue according to circumstances, as Professor Beachy 

 has said, work out your own problem from experience with what you 

 have to deal with. The different parts of the State, different locations 

 o| orchards, different soils, etc., require different treatment. 



Mr. Barr: In regard to cultivation, I have found the disc harrow 

 one of the best things I have ever used. I have never used what is called 

 the weeder and such things as that, but in place of breaking my ground 

 with a breaking plow, I use a disc harrow and cut the orchard one way 

 as close to the tree as I can with disc harroX\', and in two weeks cut 

 it the other way with my disc harrow, and in this way I catch almost 

 all the surface and work it with the disc harrow. After that I simply 

 use a harrow; a spring-tooth harrow is very good. I do not believe in 

 cultivating very deep. One reason for using a disc harrow, if you strike 

 a root, instead of going around it, your harrow will climb right over it, 

 and you never cut a root of very much size with a disc harrow. After 

 I cut the ground both ways I use a common harrow for the balance of 

 the cultivation. 



Mr. Garretson: In regard to mulching, I have practiced mulching 

 with a few trees, and this year I found I had an abundance of apple tree 

 plant lice under these trees, and wondered if that was the cause. Where 

 I cultivated there was not one-fourth as much root aphis and plant louse. 



Mr. Hobbs: One objection to use of mulch is that it induces root rot. 

 Whether true or not remains to be proven. Mr. Burton has thought possi- 

 bly he might have introduced root rot in this way, and he has suffered 

 very much from it. Of course mulch induces roots to form near the 

 surface of the ground. If you commence mulching you have to keep it 

 up. 



