44 



hardens and has to be shed when it is too small to suit its 

 owner. 



Notes should be made by the pupil upon the change of color 

 and markings after the different molts and the process of 

 molting should be described. 



Lesson IV. The Pupa. (Fig. 30.) 



In ordinary seasons, about the middle of May the caterpillars 

 get their growth. If those in the breeding cage have died or 

 have not thriven, bring in a few full grown caterpillars from 

 the orchard and put them on some branches in the breeding 

 cage. Give them fresh food each day as long as they will eat ; 

 also place some sticks and chips around on the bottom of the 

 breeding cage for the worms to " spin up " upon. Then have 

 the children observe the following things : 



How do the caterpillars begin their cocoons. 



Where are the cocoons made ? 



How are they made ? 



Draw a picture of a cocoon ? 



About a week after a cocoon is made open it carefully with 

 a pair of scissors so as not to hurt the inmate and let the pupils 

 see the change that has come over the caterpillar. 



Have the pupils describe the pupa. 



Let the pupils make drawings of the pupa. 



The moths will hardly emerge from the cocoons until after 

 the close of the school term. The children should be 

 encouraged to gather the cocoons off the fences around the 

 orchards and off the sticks and branches upon the ground and 

 to carry them home. The cocoons may be placed in pasteboard 

 boxes and kept until the moths emerge, about the middle of July. 



Lesson V. Destroying the Caterpillars. 



After the caterpillars are fully grown and all the processes of 

 growth have been observed by the pupils, the teacher should 

 give a lesson upon the injury which they do to trees and the 

 necessity of keeping the orchards free from these pests. This 



