New Yopac Agricultueal Experiment Station. 389 



Lampa records that in 1908 maUneUus ravaged apple orchards 

 generally in Onsala and Fjiire in the Province of Holland, Sweden. 

 In one orchard all trees were completely attacked, not a single one 

 escaping. A lesser attack occurred in 1909. During the outbreak 

 of this year the trees were defoliated in five daj^s and were so covered 

 with webs that they had the appearance of a " fur coat ". 



According to Mokshetsky malinellus has caused much damage to 

 apple orchards, especially in the regions of Russia subject to dry 

 climate. It is a common insect in fruit plantings, but from time 

 to time it increases to incredible numJDers. These outbreaks are of 

 a periodical nature and coincide with years of exceptional droughts, 

 approximately once in ten years. Such took place in 1874-75, in 

 1884-86, in 1894-96, and lastly in 1904-05. Orchards that are 

 severely attacked have the leaves all eaten off, standing as bare as 

 in winter, and are merely covered by a web containing worm-eaten 

 fragments and clusters of the cocoons of the moth. The remnants 

 of the leaves dry up and redden. In consecjuence of the heat of 

 summer, growth is slow, and under such conditions the production 

 of fruit may be checked for several years. According to Schreiner 

 the yearly loss to the apple crop in the Government of Saratov alone 

 approximates three million marks. 



Kuwana says that it is one of the most troublesome insects of 

 apple growers and is a familiar species to most persons in the apple- 

 growing regions of nortliern Japan. The conspicuous feature of 

 its damage is the defoliation of the trees. 



Saracomenos says that a large number of fruit trees, such as 

 apple, pear and plum, which are grown on an extensive scale on 

 the Island of Cyprus, are attacked by padellus and malinellus. 

 These insects may not only destroy the crops, but if they appear 

 in large numbers for a series of years they may also cause the death 

 of the trees. Other writers in still different fruit-growing regions 

 of Europe comment in like manner on the destructive capacity of 

 these insects. 



DISTRIBUTION. 



These two moths are generally distributed throughout Europe. 

 The form jjadellus occurs in England, Scotland and Ireland, and on 

 the continent, ranging from Norway and Sweden to the north and 

 Italy and the Island of Cyprus to the south. Staudinger ^ and 

 Rebel mention in its range of distribution Sarajevo, Croatia, Fiume, 

 Dalmatia, Siebenbiirgen, Roumania, West Bulgaria, Greece, Armenia 

 and Tura (West Siberia). According to Koppen it probably occurs 

 over a greater part of European Russia and Turkestan. 



The associated form, malinellus, has a range similar to the fore- 

 going species. Mokshetsky states that in the extreme northwest 

 of Russia and in Poland, where there are many orchards of the 



1 Ann. d. K. K. Naturhis. Hofmus. Wien, 1904, p. 346. 



